
Class J4VLL3- 

Book -O 5 

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CQEffitGUT DEFOSET. 






THE SABBATH 

AS AN 

AMERICAN WAR DAY. 

"The Carroll Theory." 



THREE GREAT MYSTERIES SOLVED. 



Why Sunday Has Been a Four-fold More Eventful War 

Day in Our History Than All Other Days 

of the Week Combined 



What Became of the " Ten Lost Tribes of Israel ? " 

AND 

Who Are the North American Indians ? 



The Solution of the Sabbath Problem is One Which Adds to 

Instead of Detracting From the Sanctity of the Day. 

Every Fact Stated Taken From History, 

and References Given. 



Bv WESLEY PHILEMON CARROLL. 



CHEYENNE. 
SUN-LEADER PRINTING HOUSE, 










43674 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by 

WESLEY PHILEMON CARROLL, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
All Rights Reserved. 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 



•ECOND COPY, 




to msA^.v*-*<5. 






TO 

GEORGE DEWEY, 

Admiral of the American Navy, 

and 

The Most Illustrious Citizen of 

My Native State, 

This Little Volume is Respectfully 

Dedicated, by 

Wesley Philemon Carroll, 



PREFACE, 



During the recent war with Spain a large portion of the- 
American people — in fact the whole nation — regarded with no 
little interest, for the time being, the fact that nearly everything- 
of any consequence, even to the transfer sovereignty over the 
island of Cuba, occurred on Sunday. 

Many people were surprised at these things, as though it 
was something new in our American history to win great vic- 
tories on the Sabbath day. All over the land occupants of the 
pulpit were asked, "How do you explain this?" 

When the news of our great victories was heralded abroad 
and all over the land, it seemed to the author that God Himself 
was calling in no unmistakable terms to the whole nation to 
awake, and it also seemed that the voice of Divinity itself was 
calling for some man to rise up among the 70,000,000 of our 
land and undertake to solve that which seemed to be so singular 
and mysterious. ; 

The author, from boyhood, had known that Sunday had 
been our most eventful war day, and he had also a theory re- 
garding the fact. At length he resolved to investigate the sub- 
ject, give the facts and his theory to the public. 

The author expects, as a matter of course, to be criticised, 
not only on account of his theory, but in respect to other things 
also. His way of writing in the first person will come in for a 
liberal share of this criticism, but the author is free to confess 
that the only essential difference he has been able to see, as 
between the style of using the pronoun "I" and the old stereo- 
typed plan of using that other pronoun "we," is that in the first 
case the writer professes to be but one person, whereas, by using 
the word we he assumes to be more than one. 

The objection may be raised that the historical facts cited 
by the author in support of his theory are mainly from "surface- 
history." The answer to that would be that surface history, as 
a general rule, is the only reliable history. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 5 

The author should say here that the claim is not made that 
we, as a nation, are commanded to fight on the Sabbath day, 
unless there be a necessity for so doing-, but in a righteous war, 
"waged by a ''chosen people," the necessity exists whenever an 
advantage can be gained by striking on the Sabbath day, which 
might have been lost by waiting until some other day. 

A word should be said here which would more properly 
come under the head of "Errata." Under the head of "Armies 
That Have Surrendered," it was not intended to convey the idea 
that Monterey surrendered September 20, 1846 — that was the 
day when our attack began. 

A careful examination of the authority cited in reference 
to the surrender of Vera Cruz will show that the articles of capit- 
ulation must have been signed on Sunday, March 28, 1847. 

In the list of "Thirty Great Battle Sabbaths of the Repub- 
lic," it should have been stated that the Americans attacked at 
Vera Cruz, Manila, Santiago, and the destruction of Cervera's 
fleet. 

The author quotes more frequently from Lossing than any 
other historian, for the reason that he gives dates more fre- 
quentlv than any other historian. Few, indeed, are the instances 
where other authorities than those given might not have been 
cited. 

Wherever ''The World's Book of Facts" is cited, the World 
Almanac for 1899 is meant. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The author can never forget those who have, by word and 
deed, given him encouragement and assistance in his work. 

Among these are Hon. F. E.Warren, United States senator; 
Colonel John F. Crowley, Mrs. Elizabeth R. Hawes, County 
Superintendent of Schools, Laramie County, Wyoming; Miss 
Gertrude Wyoming Dobbins, Chief Enrolling and Engrossing 
Clerk Wyoming House of Representatives; Miss Mary Bailey, 
teacher in the Cheyenne schools; Rev. Frank Newhall White, 
D. D., D. D.; Rev. Sydney C. Davis, Rev. D. C. Winship, M. D., 
Ph. D.; Rev. E E Tarbill, Presiding Elder Methodist Episcopal 
Church; Colonel T. D. Randall, of Chicago, and last, but not 
least, E. A. Slack, editor of the Cheyenne Sun-Leader. 

THE AUTHOR. 



CONTENTS. 



Basis of the Theory » 8 

The Theory 9* 

His Work 11 

The Sabbath as a Jewish War Day 13 

Passage of the Red Sea 13 

Jericho 14 

Athalian Revolution — Battle of Aphek 15 

Second Aphek 16 

Jerusalem Taken by Ptolmy 19 ; 

Several Calamities 19 

Fall of the Jewish Temple 20 

Battle of the Cave 2L 

The Maccab£es 22 

Battle of Jordan H lis 24 

Attack on the Romans at Jeru a'cm 25 

The Awful Day in Caesarea „ 26 

The Sabbath Day Changed 28. 

The Sabbath as an American Wa. Day 34 

First and Last Blows, etc 34 

War of the Revolution 35 

War With France 39' 

War With Tripoli . . . , 41 

^War of 1812 43 

Mexican War 45 

War of 1861 .- 49^ 

War With Spain— Algiers .' 50-51 

Battles— Each Day of the Week, American Wars 52 

Battles— European Wars 54' 

The Thirty Great Battle Sabbaths 55 

Armies Surrendering to Americ ar s 58 

Fleets Captured or Destroyed. 59 

The Union Four Times Saved on Si nday 60- 

Savage's Station— South Mountain 61 

Chancellorsville 62^ 

Spottsylvania 63; 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 7 

A Digression 63 

Sunday Reverses — More Than Victories — Sumter GS 

Bull Run 63 

Second Day at Chickamauga 70 

Providential Care — National Sovereignty — Windsor, Vermont 71 

The Seven Storms 73 

Boston Harbor — Long Island 74 

Second Trenton — Morgan at the Catawba 75 

Greene's Army at the Yadkin — At the Dan 76 

*The "Storm King" at Yorktown 77 

The Seven Wardens — Washingt on 77 

Franklin — Toussaint L'Overture 78 

Commodore McDonough 80 

Stonewall Jackson 82 

The Mysterious Horseman of ChancelIors\ille 91 

Wellington at Waterloo 93 

"Lew" Wallace at Monocacy 94 

Samuel J. Tilden 95 

The Five Wars 96 

Lost Tribes of Israel— Revolt, etc 98 

(Restoration of the Withered Ha .id of Jereboam 99 

The Ten Tribes Cast Out—The Euphrates 100 

The Lost Tribes in Asia 101 

Behring Straits 103 

Lost Tribes Found — North Am erican Indians 104 

Objections Answered 1 107 

The Six Nations 109 

The Lament — The Prayer— Ca/uga Chief Logan 110 

Legend of Heno 112 

Legend of Hiawatha 114 

Significance of the Legend of H iawatha 115 

Points of Coincidence — Moses — H awatha 116 

Counterpart of the Jewish Com mon wealth 117 

Points of Coincidence — Jewish Republic — Six Nations 118 

Type of the Federal Union 120 

Points of Coincidence— Six Nations — United States 122 

ThaKey 123 

The "Greater" Irrepressible Co nflict 127 

Conclusion 128 



BASIS OF THE THEORY. 



"Man proposes, but Gcd disposes. There are few impor- 
tant events in the affairs of men brought about by their own 
choice." — Ulysses S. Grant. 

''Let us here highly resolve that these dead shall not have 
died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth 
of Freedom." — Abraham Lincoln. 

"I consider it as an indispensable duty to close this last act 
of my official life by commending the interests of our country 
to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the 
superintendence of them to His Holy keeping. — George Wash- 
ington. 

"You have the highest of human trusts committed to your 
care. Providence has showered on this favored land blessings 
without number, and has chosen you as the guardians of Free- 
dom to preserve it for the benefit of the human race. May He 
who holds in His hands the destinies of nations make you 
worthy of the favor He has bestowed, and enable you, with pure 
hearts and with pure hands and sleepless vigilance, to guard 
and defend to the end of time the great charge he has commit- 
ted to your keeping." — Andrew Jackson. 

"All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have 
observed frequent instances of superintending Providence in 
our favor. To that kind Providence we owe the happy oppor- 
tunity of consulting in peace. * * * I have lived a long 
time, and the longer I live the more convincing proofs I see 
of this truth: that God rules in the affairs of men. And if a 
sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it 
probable that an empire can rise without His aid? We have 
been assured in the sacred writings that, 'except the Lord 
build the house, they labor in vain that build it.' I firmly believe 
this, and I also believe that without His concurring aid we 
shall succeed in this political building no better than the builders 
of Babel." — Benjamin Franklin. 

I quote from these eminent Americans to show their belief 
in the idea that an over-ruling Providence directs the affairs of 
the nation, and this, I may say, is the foundation — the corner- 
stone — upon which my theory rests. 



THE THEORY. 



God rules and is supreme. 

God rules tne nations, and gives to certain of them missions 
to fulfill — a work to do which is to result in good to all nations. 

A nation to whom God intrusts a mission is a chosen nation, 
and its people are a chosen people — not because of their excel- 
lence above other nationalities, but because God has a work for 
that people to do. 

The old Jewish nation, or, rather, its people, the "Children 
of Israel," were a chosen people, for God had a mission for 
them to perform and fulfill. 

The mission of the Jewish nation was ordained to be and 
was, in fact, two-fold. One part of the mission was to be ulti- 
mately fulfilled by Judah (the two tribes), and one part was to 
find fulfillment through the agency of the 'Ten Tribes," at first 
(after the revolt) known as Israel, and later on known in history 
as the "Ten Lost Tribes of Israel." 

The first part of the Jewish mission, which found its ulti- 
mate consummation in Judah and the "Two Tribes," was this: 
That from cut of the besom of the Jewish nation should emanate 
the true plan — the God-like plan and divine agency through 
which comes the spiritual redemption of the human family. 

I need not say here that the first part of the Jewish mission 
was fulfilled nineteen hundred years ago. 

At some time after history began, I claim that it was 
divinely ordained and decreed that there should be a second 
chosen people, and that a great nation should rise on the hem- 
isphere which, for five thousand years, for some w^ise purpose, 
was virtually hidden from the people of the "Old World;" that 
this new nation was also to have a mission; that the mission of 
the s:cond chosen nation and people was to be the establish- 
ment of a form of government such as should in itself constitute 



IO THE CARROLL THEORY. 

a plan for the political redemption of all mankind, so as to give- 
effect to the divine will concerning the form of temporal govern- 
ment under which eventually all men should live; that will,, 
and I might say semi-mandate, being indicated by what we 
find in Genesis 1:28: "And God blessed them, and said unto 
them, * * * and have dominion," etc., and also 1 Samuel, 
87, 9, 22, where we find that God three times commanded the 
Prophet of Shiloh to "Hearken unto the voice of the people in 
all that they say," etc. In Genesis we see that God was speaking- 
on the subject of dominion to all of the people there were then 
on the face of the earth, and though but two, they composed the: 
entire human family at that time. According to Samuel, the 
question of temporal government was under coniideration when: 
God commanded the Prophet to "Hearken unto the voice of the 
people." 

I claim that it was divinely appointed, perhaps from the 
b: ginning, that a second chosen people and nation should arise,, 
as already stated, on the hidden hemisphere, whose mission it 
should be to give effect to what I deem to be the will of God 
that the "voice of the people" should be the supreme law in 
temporal and governmental affairs, and the second part of the 
Jewish mission — in other words, the mission of the Ten Tribes,, 
was that those tribes should do exactly what I claim they did 
do — find their way to the wilderness of North America, and 
though retaining nothing in their legends and traditions, except 
those things which appeared to them and their fathers in the 
nature of object lessons, that they should here institute a system 
of government which should be the counterpart of the old Jew- 
ish temporal government, which, as the historians concede, w r as. 
"the first republic in history of which we have any definite 
knowledge," and this counterpart of the first republic — this gov- 
ernmental structure, reared though it was by barbarian hands,, 
was to be the type of the new nation destined to arise in the 
New World, and did, as a matter of fact, become the type of our 
present Federal Union, the example, influence and policy of 
which is destined to establish republican-democratic liberty 
eventually throughout the world. 

These two chosen peoples were to be Providentially aided 
just so long as they might faithfully adhere each to its trust 
and mission, thereby retaining Divine favor, and each might 



THE CARROLL THEORY. H 

be forsaken of Gcd through its transgressions, just as one of 
those two nations has for a time, and perhaps for all time, lost 
favor with Him who rules all nations. 

It is, I hope, with a just reverence and with a due appre- 
ciation of the fact that it is not meet for one so beset with the 
frailties that come of human weakness and human misfortune, 
to presume to interpret the will of Him who "doeth all things 
well," yet in the spirit of conscienciousness I hold it is in accord- 
ance with the Divine will that the Sabbath day has been so event- 
ful in our American war history, and that it was also in accord- 
ance with this same will that with the Jewish nation of old the 
Sabbath was also an eventful war day. 

I make the assertion that with each of these nations the 
Sabbath was more eventful as a war day than all other days of 
the week combined. My theory is that each was a chosen 
nation, the people of each were entrusted with a Divine mission 
— each had a work to do. 

Just as God Himself has said, Genesis 9:12, 13; Ezekiel 
1:28, that "the bow in the cloud" which may still be seen by 
man, was set there "For a token of a covenant between Me and 
the earth;" so, also, has He given a sign and a token by which 
His chosen people may know that they are esteemed of God 
and children of His divine favor, and that token is this: That 
the Sabbath shall be to them a day of victory and great event- 
fulness in war — not that they are especially commanded to attack 
their enemies on that day, but if engaged in war — a righteous 
war — and all wars in which God's chosen people may be en- 
gaged, if that people still retain the Divine favor, must be right- 
eous, then shall victory and success be vouchsafed to them in 
an almost immeasurable degree. 

In another part of this little book will be found a reference 
to that portion of the Scriptures wherein I find the evidence 
that the great eventfulness of the Sabbath as a war day in the 
history of our nation and also of the Jewish nation, has been in 
accordance with the Divine will. 

HIS WORK. 

While an observance of the Sabbath day is enjoined upon: 
ah men everywhere, there are, perhaps, very indefinite ideas in. 



I2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

the minds of many as to what is and what is not an observance 
of the day. 

In all of the passages found in the Bible — and I cannot 
undertake to quote them here — and which are, no doubt, familiar 
to the great majority of these who will read this little book 
a id investigate for themselves the points made, relating to the 
Sabbath day as a day to be kept and observed by all men, we 
find that the paramount idea is that it should be observed chiefly 
as a day of rest. Man is commanded to abstain from doing his 
o\ui work on that day, just as God Himself rested from His 
work on the seventh day, as we find in Genesis 2:2; but we do* 
not find anywhere recorded in Scripture any commandment by 
which men are- precluded from doing God's work on that day. 

And what is God's work? 

In a general way, it might be said that all rightful and hon- 
orable employment is but the doing of Gcd's work, but in a 
more especial sense there is much of His work that may prop- 
erly be done on the Sabbath day. More than this, there is much 
of God's work which He expects, and in a certain sense com- 
mands, His servants to do on the Sabbath day, and expects them 
to do better work in His service and more work than on any 
other day of the week. 

Those wno occupy pulpits, servants of the Lord who are 
constant laborers in His vineyard, strike their hardest blows and 
battle more valiantly in the cause 01 the Master on that day 
than they are expected to do on any ether cne day in the seven 
composing -ta^ week. 

Now, a people chosen of God for the fulfillment of a Divine 
mission which He has entrusted to them, are but doing a por- 
tion of God's work if engaged in war — which must of necessity 
"be a righteous war while they are in God's especial favor — when 
they strike on the Sabbath day, and just as in other parts of the 
great vineyard of divinity, the greatest and richest fruits are 
garnered as the result of Sabbath day efforts and work, so are 
fruits richer and more abundant, as the outcome cf doing His 
work on that day in the arena of war, when men battle in a holy 
-cause. 



THE SABBATH 



More Event.ul As a "War Day with the Jewish Falion Than All 
Other Days of the Week Combined* 



I have indicated that in three respects the Jewish nation 
oi old and the United States of America stand side by side in 
their national history. 

These three points of coincidence are, first, that each in its 
day has been, and one of them still continues to be, a chosen 
nation with a mission to perform; second, each in its time has 
been, and one still is, Providentially protected from dangers it 
might not have been able to withstand in its own strength, and, 
third, in each case the Sabbath has been a more eventful war 
day than all other davs of the week combined. 

In support of my theory, I will first call attention to and 
demonstrate from unquestioned history the transcendant event- 
fulness of the Sabbath in the rise, progress and fall of the Jewish 
nation, so far as the same relates to its temporal power. 

PASSAGE OF THE RED SEA. 

Though, strictly speaking, the Children of Israel did not 
become the people of a distinct and permanent nation geograph- 
ically located, until the fall of Jericho, which was the virtual con- 
quest of the "Promised Land," yet they dwelt together in Egypt 
and emerged from the bondage of Pharoah in one vast multi- 
tude. 

According to the Biblical account of the passage of the 
Red Sea, we find that they were pursued by the Egyptian ruler 
"with all the horses and chariots of Pharoah, and his horsemen 



1 4 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

and his army, and overtook them/' Exodus 14:9. And, as 
every Bible student knows, the Egyptian host was destroyed, 
and the Jewish people, nearly 3,000,000, were saved from virtual 
annihilation. 

There seems to be no doubt as to this event having occurred 
on the Sabbath day. 

I quote as follows: 

"But the Seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. 
Inl it thou shalt not do any work; thou, nor thy son, nor thy 
daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thine 
ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, that thy man-servant 
and thy maid-servant may rest as well as thou." Deut. 5:14. 

"And remember that thou was a servant in the land of 
Egypt, and that tne Lord thy God brought thee out thence 
through a mighty hand and a stretched out arm; therefore the 
Lord thy God commanded thee to keep the Sabbath day." 
Deut. 5:15. 

Inferentially, at least, it would appear from the foregoing 
quotations that the deliverance of the Children of Israel from 
their bondage occurred on the Sabbath day. 

I find in a f^ot-note commenting on verse 15, chapter 5, 
Deuteronomy, on page 750, volume 6, of Adam Clark's "Holy 
Bible," the following as the closing words of the author's brief 
commentary: 

"The Sabbath now became a two-fold memorial, of the 
deliverance as well as the creation." 

In the Commentaries on the Holy Bible by F. C. Cook, 
Canon of Exeter, the author says in that portion of his work 
wherein the Book of Deuteronomy is under discussion, at the 
close of a foot-note to verses 12, 13, 14 and 15 of chapter 5 of 
the book alluded to: 

" i ne exodus into rest from the toils of bondage is thought 
to have occurred on the Sabbath day." 

I need not adduce further proof of the fact that the passage 
of the Red Sea was effected by the Children of Israel on the 
Sabbath day. 

SIEGE OF JERICHO. 

The capture of Jericho by the Jewish hosts and army under 
Joshua was, as already stated, the virtual conquest of the Prom- 
ised Land and birth of the Jewish nation, so far as any fixed 
and permanent national existence and independence were con- 
cerned — truly a most eventful day in the history of any nation. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 15 

In Joshua 6:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 20, we find an 
;account of the taking of Jericho, from which it will be seen the 
city was taken on the "Seventh day," and in regard to this 
Canon Cook, of London, says in a foot-note to page 33, volume 
2, of The Holy Bible (a commentary on the books of the Bible.) 

"(On the Seventh day.) Most probably, as the Jewish 
writers assert, a Sabbath day." 

THE ATHALIALIAN REVOLUTION. 

The revolution which resulted in the dethronement and 
death of Athaliah, the usurper queen of Israel, was not only 
planned in the house of the Lord by the Priest Jehoiada, but 
.the plan was carried out, the government of the usurper was 
overthrown, the queen slain, the rightful king placed in power 
.and the legal authority re-established throughout Israel on the 
Sabbath day. 

This, also, was, in a certain sense, a war day, and a most 
eventful one for the Jewish nation. 

In 2nd Kings, nth chapter, a full account of this revolution 
is given, and for the reason that the chapter is a very short one, 
I have not thought it necessary to make any reference to par- 
ticular verses. 

BATTLE OF APHEK. 

The battle of Aphek was one of the greatest battles known 
to history. The Syrians had overrun, conquered and held in 
their iron grasp a larger portion of the territory belonging to 
the Jewish nation. 

Benhadad was at the head of the Syrian army and nation, 
and in league with him against Israel were the "thirty-two 
kings," each of whom was the ruler of some kingdom or city. 
The year before the battle of Aphek a battle had been fought 
between the Syrians and their allies on the one hand, and the 
Children of Israel on the other, in which these thirty-two kings 
commanded in -erson their individual followers. 

This battle had resulted favorably to Israel, and yet it had 
no material effect on the situation as between the Syrians and 
the Jews, Ahab, at that time, was king of Israel. A year later 
Benhadad again invaded the Jewish domain with an immense 
army, and although the thirty-two kings did not command their 
followers in person, as before, they were still in league with the 



,6 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Syrian king, and their hosts in part composed the army of Ben- 
hadad. 

The two hostile armies met near Aphek, each prepared for 
tattle, and the Scriptural account of the battle, corroborated in 
every p;irtLular by the JtwLh h-s'.orian, Josephus, mentions- 
that a "man of God" came to the Children of Israel and told 
them that the Syrians should be delivered into their hands. 

I quote from I Kings, 20:29: 

"And they pitched one (army) over against the other seven, 
days. l And so it was that in the seventh day the battle was 
joined, and the Children of Israel slew of the Syrians a hundred 
thousand footmen in one day." 

But few battles of which we have any record in history- 
have equalled this battle, either in the losses sustained or in, 
the results achieved. The immense power of the Syrians was 
broken, and with them virtually fell thirty-two kings and thirty- 
two kingdoms. 

SECOND BATTLE OF APHEK. 

Before night the day on which this bloody struggle occurred 
a second battle was fought, and in making reference to it here 
I can do no better than to quote again the twenty-ninth verse 
of 1st Kings, and the verse next following: 

"And they pitched one (army) over against the other seven 
days. And so it was that in the seventh day the battle was 
joined, and the Children of Israel slew of the Syrians a hundred 
thousand footmen in one day." 

"But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city, and there a wall 
fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left, 
and Benhadad fled and came into the city into an inner cham- 
ber." 

Josephus also speaks of this, and enough is disclosed in- 
the two accounts to show that a second battle was fought on 
this same seventh day, which resulted in the destruction of" 
what remained of the Syrians and their allies. 

The peace which followed these two battles resulted in the 
restoration to Israel of nearly all the cities and territory which 
the Syrians had theretofore wrested from the Jews. Ramoth- 
gilead was still held by the northern foes of Israel, while, on the 
other hand, it would seem that for the first time the Children of 
Israel became the undisputed masters of Damascus. 

The question as to what had a truly important bearing or 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 17 

influence in the fortunes and destiny cf the Jewish nation is a 
very difficult one to deal with. Wars and tumults seem to have 
rocked the Jewish nation from cent.r to circumference from 
the beginning to the close of its history. . In seeking to ascer- 
tain what has and what has not been eventful in Jewish war 
history, I confess that I have not been greatly aided by any- 
thing I have been able to find outside of the Bible and the 
works of Josephus, and yet thousands of pages have been written 
by others in which will be found more of conjecture and mere 
opinion than cf genuine history itself. 

Josephus more than once makes the statement — especially 
in reference to the earlier Jewish history, that he can do no 
better than to give as history what is set forth in the writings 
of Moses and others of the inspired writers, and in effect claims 
that there was little else in the way of recorded and established 
facts for him to make use of, except the writings which are here 
alluded to. 

The surprise to me is that others have found so much from 
which to make up their histories, when Josephus found so little. 
1 cannot thrust aside the conclusion that it would have been 
better had otiiers followed more closely in the footsteps of 
Josephus in this respect. 

As to whether these two battles occurred on the Sabbath 
day or not, I am aware that there might be conflicting opinions, 
but I shall contend that they did for three reasons: 

First, "Seven days. Perhaps there was some religious idea 
on the part of the Israelites connected with this time of waiting 
before they began the battle, after the promise of the man of 
God the conflict would have a religious sanction and be entered 
on with confidence." The Cambridge Bible — Book of Kings, 
page 214. 

. Second, as has already been said, Canon Cook says of the 
term, "on the seventh day," as used in reference to the siege of 
Jericho: 

"Most probably, as the Jewish writers assert, a Sabbath 
day." 

At Jericho "six days" are mentioned before the words "the 
seventh day" cccur — six days during which the Children of 
Israel did something which had an effect upon the outcome 
of the siege, and at Aphek that there were six days also preced- 
ing the day of the battle, when, as at Jericho, they did some- 



!$ THE CARROLL, THEORY. 

thing- which had its effect on the enemy, i. e., they "pitched" 
against the foe — camped in their presence — and as God spoke 
to them through the "man of God" at Aphek, just as He did 
through Joshua at Jericho, and we see the miraculous at Aphek 
in the falling* .wall, just as we saw it at Jericho, it follows that 
there was such a similarity in the situation between the two 
occurrences that if the Jewish writers found reason to "assert," 
and Canon Cook thought it "most probably a Sabbath day," at 
Jericho the same reasons would lead the same eminent authority 
to hold that the two battles at Aphek — there were at that time 
several places in Israel by that name — were fought and those 
wonderful victories won by the Jews on the Sabbath. 

Third. Just as the word "Jehovah," in the Old Testament, 
is synonomous with the word God, and means God, so are the 
words "Seventh day" equivalent to and mean the "Sabbath 
day." 

In Exodus 20:10, 11, we find that God Himself says: "Six 
days shalt thou labor and do all thy work, but the seventh day 
is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God," and in various other por- 
tions of the Scriptures we find that the seventh and the Sab- 
bath day are referred to and mentioned as indicating the same 
day of the week. 

Now as to the seven clays mentioned in 1 Kings, 20:29, 
we know absolutely that one of those seven days alluded to 
must have been the Sabbath. 

Which of the seven would it most probably be? the day 
which God has said, and the Scriptures repeatedly say, is the 
Sabbath day, and which is specifically mentioned? or, would 
it more probably be one of the other six days which neither 
God nor the Scriptures have anywhere or at any time named 
as being a Sabbath day, and which is not specifically alluded 
to or spoken of at all, except as it was included in the word 
seven, which indicated the number of days including the day of 
the two battles when the two hostile hosts were camped in close 
proximity. 

Note — I should have explained at the proper point that from 
what was most probably an oversight, no commentary on the twenty- 
ninth verse of chapter 20, 1 Kings, appears in Canon Cook's work 
heretofore alluded to. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 19 

I will, however, pursue this matter no farther, believing, 
.as 1 do, that it is clearly enough apparent to those who may 
reflect a moment that these two battles must have occurred on 
-the Sabbath day. 

JERUSALEM TAKEN BY PTOLMY LAGOS. 

In the year 320 B. C, Jerusalem was taken by Ptolmy 
"Lagos (some historians say Ptolmy Soter), who won his great 
victory on the Sabbath day. 

A war day, in order to be an eventful one in the history 
of a nation, does not necessarily mean a victorious day for that 
nation. The day on which some great disaster overtakes a 
kingdom, an empire or a republic, is an eventful one in its his- 
tory. 

In this case the capture of the city occurred because the 
Jews refused to do at Jerusalem what the Lord commanded 
them to do at Jericho. 

On page 441, 1 Josephus, in a foot-note, the following 
appears : 

"Ptolmy, the son of Lagos, the first king of Egypt of that 
name, by assaulting Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, when the 
Jews would do nothing to defend themselves, carried the place 
and became masters of it without opposition." 

Josephus complains that the Jews seemed to misinterpret 
^God's requirements and commands as to observing the Sabbath 
day\, and in a foct-note by Wishton, found on page 441 of I 
Jcsephus, it is stated that: 

"Mattathias and his company, by sundry experiences, were 
convinced that too scrupulous an observance of the Sabbath 
had brought 

SEVERAL CALAMITIES 

upon the nation." 

From this quotation we see, first, that Mattathias and his 
followers had sundry experiences on the Sabbath day, of which 
there can be found no definite record at this time, at least so 
tar as the day of the week on which these experiences were had 
is concerned. 

It also apnears from this quotation that "several calami- 
ties" had been brought upon the nation because of the refusal 
of the Jews to fi,ght on that day. 



20 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Two instances, and at most three, only are given anywhere- 
by Josephus of this retusal to fight, so that it will be seen from 
the statement that the Mattathias company had "sundry experi- 
ences," and the further statement regarding "several calami- 
ties" — national calamities — that there must have been a much 
larger number of war days in Jewish history which were event- 
ful enough to be rated as occasions on which events happened 
that were national calamities, 

FALL OF THE JEWSIH TEMPLE. 

I do not undertake to give these events in Jewish history 
in their chronological order. It is rare, indeed, that I have been.' 
able to find a date — so far as battles, etc., are concerned — in 
Jewish history, and have sought only to find in such works as 
have be'en available to me a record of warlike events occurring- 
on the Sabbath day, and have put them on record from time to 
time as I have found them, and in preparing my manuscript for 
this book I make use of my material as it has heretofore been 
put on the preliminary record. 

At just what date in Jtwih history Pompey took Jeru- 
salem, and finally the temple also, does not clearly appear, nor 
is it material. That he would not have been able to hold Jeru- 
salem permanently, or for any considerable length of time, unless; 
he could possess himseit of the temple also, is reasonably certain. 

No very satisfactory account of the taking of the city seems 
to have been given by any historian. Pompey, however, became- 
masfter of a large portion of the city, and then besieged the 
temple itself. 

On page 441, 1 Josephus, the following appears: 

"Therefore, we read that when Pompey besieged the tem- 
ple, observing that the Jews did barely defend themselves on the 
seventh day, he ordered his men to offer no hostilities, but only 
to raise the battery place, the engines and make their approaches 
on that day, being well assured that in the doing of this he- 
should meet with no molestation from them, and by this means 
he carried the place much sooner that he otherwise would have- 
done." 

The foregoing quotation is from a foot-note by Wishton. 

On page 500 of his first volume, Josephus himself says: 

"And had it not been our practice, from the days of our 
forefathers, to rest on the seventh day, their banks could not 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 2 1 

jhave been completed (these banks were necessary, being raised 
under or against the walls, and. of course .when high enough 
the assailants could reach the battlements). When the Romans 
understood 'this matter, on those days which we call Sabbath 
davs, they threw nothing on the Jews nor came to any battle 
with them, but raised up their earthen banks and brought their 
engines into such forwardness that they might do execution the 
next day." 

Next to the eomplete sibjugation of the land, no greater 
calamity could befall the Jewish nation than the fall of the great 
temple. 

Thus, on Sabbath days during- the siege of the temple, and 
here again, as once before, they lost the temple and virtually 
the city itself, because they refused to do at Jerusalem what the 
Lord commanded them to do at Jericho. 

BATTLE OF THE CAVE. 

With the exception of the passage of the Red Sea, the fall 
■of Jericho and the massacre of Roman soldiers at Jerusalem, 
and the uprising in Caesarea, which marked the "beginning of 
the end" of the Jewish nation, no more eventful day in the 
"history of that nation can be pointed out than that Sabbath 
day on which occurred the "Battle of the Caves," as I have 
termed it, for no particular name seems to have been given to 
it by the Jewish historians. 

It was not a great battle — not more than i,ooo Jews per- 
ished on that day, but it gave rise to certain conditions and a 
determination on the part of the Jewish leaders and people 
-which eventually proved for a time the salvation of the nation, 
the redemption of the land from foreign rule, the restoration of 
the old Jewish commonwealth, and gave to the Jewish name a 
halo of heroism and self-devotion such as it had never before 
possessed. 

Mattathias, a Levite by birth, "who dwelt at Modin," was 
the leader of the Jews at this battle, which grew out of the refusal 
of Mattathias and his sons to offer sacrifice except in their own 
way and in accordance with the Jewish law. Some of their 
w r ould-be masters were slain, whereuprn Mattathias, his sons 
.-and followers fled to "the desert" and took refuge at "the Caves." 

They were pursued by the minions of Antroclous. 



2 2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Josephus says, page 441, volume 1: 

"And when they had overtaken them they, in the first place r 
endeavored to persuade them to repent and to choose what was- 
most for their advantage, and not put them to the necessity of 
using them according to the law of war. But when they would, 
not comply with ihese persuasions, they fought against them 
on the Sabbath day, and they burned them as they were in the 
caves, without resistance and without so much as stopping up 
the entrances of the caves. And they avoided to defend them- 
selves on that day. for they were not willing to break in upon 
the honor they owed the Sabbath, even in such distress. For 
our law requires that we rest on that day. There were about 
a thousand, with their wives and children, who were smothered' 
and died in these caves. But many of those that escaped joined 
themselves to Mattathias, and appointed him to be their ruler, 
who taught them to fight even on the Sabbath day; and told 
them that unless they would do so they would become their 
own enemies by observing so rigorously, while their enemies 
would still assault them on this day, and they would not defend 
themselves, and that nothing could hinder but they must all 
perish without fighting. 

"This speech persuaded them, and this rule continues 
among us to the present time; that, if there be a necessity, we 
may fight on Sabbath days. 

"So Mattathias assembled a great army and overthrew their 
idol altars and slew those that break the laws, even all that he 
could get under his power." 

THE MACCABEES. 

From the experience of this Sabbath battle at "the Caves,"' 
and under the personal leadership of Mattathias, arose the Mac- 
cabees, whose name, exploits and honorable fame are known to 
the entire civilized world. 

I am aware that some supposed historians have held dif- 
ferently, and on page 440, 1 Josephus, in a foot-note, either by 
Wishton or Butler, I find this: 

"That this appellation of Maccabees was not first at all given 
to Judas Maccabeus (son of Mattathias), nor derived from any 
of the initial letters of the Hebrew words on his banner, 'Kamaka 
Re Elim Jehovah,' (Who is like unto Thee among the gods, O 
Jehovah), Exodus 15:11, as the modern Rabbins vainly pre- 
tend." 

I will not accept the idea set forth in the foregoing foot- 
note. There has been, and is now, too much of an inclination" 
in some quarters to question the reliability of everything which 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 23 

emanates from the pen of the Jewish historian or writer. What- 
Sever else may be said of the Jewish Rabbins (the plural of 
Rabbi), they cling- closely to the record and give today as history 
that which they have received from their fathers. 

The fact that the Maccabees originated with Mattathias, 
and took their name from Judas Maccabeus, his son, is too well, 
established to admit of intelligent dispute. 

Chambers' Encyclopedia, volume 5, pages 203-204, throws 
light upon this subject and attributes the origin of the Macabees 
to the same source that 1 have indicated, and Charlotte Yonge, 
on page in of her book entitled, "Golden Deeds," after speak- 
ing- of the deeds and exploits of Mattathias and his sons, says: 

"The temple was raised from iis ruins and the exploits of 
the Maccabees had nerved the whole people to do or die in 
defense of the holy faith ct their fathers." 

The objection may be made in reference to the above quo- 
tations that they are nothing but "surface" history. As to that, 
it may be said in reply that surface history is generally the most 
reliable of all history, for the obvious reason that its reliability 
is so universally known and recognized that it need not be sup- 
ported by learned dissertations, and concordances are not needed 
that it may have credence. 

Quoting again from page 441, 1 Josephus, I will proceed 
to establish some fac:s from Jewish history showing the impor- 
tant effect which the Sabbath battle alluded to and the advent 
of the Maccabees had on the fortunes of the Jewish nation. 

"But when he (Mattathias) had ruled one year, and was 
fallen into a distemper, he called his sons to set round about 
him, and said: 

O my sons, I am going the way cf all the earth, and I 
recommend to you my resoh tion, and b" seech you not to be 
negligent in keeping it. * * * * Take Maccabeus for the 
general of your army, because of his courage and strength. For 
he will avenge your nation and will bring vengeance upon your 
enemies. Admit among you the righteous and religious and 
augment their power.' * * * * His son Judas then took 
upon him the administration cf public affairs in the hundred 
and forty-sixth year, and thus, by the ready ass'stance of his 
brethren and of others, Judas cast their enemies out of the coun- 
try." 

In conclusion on this point, I quote from volume =;, Cham- 
bers' Encyclopedia, pages 203-204, under the title of "Maca- 
bees:" 



2 4 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

"At the death of . Mattathias (166 B. C), which took place 
a few years after the outbreak, Judah Makkabi (as has 
already been seen, Jcsephus renders the name Judas Maccabins- 
took command of the patriots and repulsed the enemy, notwith- 
standing- his superior force at Mizpah, 6,000 against 70,000; at 
Bethrnn, 10,000 against 65,000, and other places; reconquered 
Jerusalem, purified the temple and le-inaugurated the holy 
service. * * * * His brother, Jonathan, who succeeded 
him in the leadership, * * * taking aclvan'age of certain 
disputes about the Syrian throne, * * * acquired the dig- 
nity of High Pi i est. 

"Simon, the second brother, was elected by the Jewish com- 
monwealth (restored as one of the results of the Sabbath battle) 
to assume the reins of government, was finally recognized by 
Demetrius and by the Romans as chief and ruler of the Jews. 
He completely re-established the independence cf the nation." 

Though not at the right point, perhaps, I call attention to 
the "conclusion" which Mattathias, on his death bed, exhorted 
his sons to adhere to. He could scarcely have meant anything 
else than a determination to free Israel, and to that end right 
on the Sabbath day, if necessa-y. 

BATTLE OF THE JORDAN HILLS. 

The next eventful Sabbath battle to which I will refer is 
the battle among the hills close to the Jordan, and for the reason 
that no specific name appears ever to have been applied to it, I, 
for convenience, have seen fit to call it the Battle of the Jordan 
Hills. 

As the result of this battle, Jonathan, who commanded the 
only army which the Jewish nation then had in the field to battle 
for its imperiled liberties, was enabled to escape with his forces 
across the Jordan, for the enemy under Bachides, the Macedo- 
nian, overwhelmingly outnumbered the Jews, ar.d they would 
probably have been annihilated had they not by fighting des- 
perately discomfited their foe to such an extent that the chance 
to escape was presented, and they promptly availed themselves 
of the opportunity. I quote as fol'ows from 1 Josephus, page 
456: 

"When Bachides knew that Jonathan had p'tcbed his camp 
among the lakes of Jordan, he observed when their Sabbath 
day came, and then assaulted him. * * * So, after Jona- 
than had prayed to God to give them the victory, he joined 
battle with the enemy and ovei threw many, and as he saw 



THE CARROLL THLORY. 25 

Bachides coming up boldly to him, he stretched out his right 
hand to smite him, but the other foreseeing and avoiding- his 
stroke. Jonathan, with his companions, leaped into the river 
and swan over it, and by that me:ns escaped beyond Jordan. 
"* * * P>achides returned presently to the citadel at Jeru- 
salem, having lost about two thousand cf his army." 

In some respects the situation of Jonathan and his army 
was the same as that of Washington and his army when he 
reached the Delaware after the retreat through New Jersey. 
In either case the cause of their country would have been lost 
it they had not been able to cioss the river. 

ATTACK OX THE ROMANS AT JERUSALEM. 

"Commencement of the War Between the Jews and the 
Romans," is in part the heading or caption to chapter 17, vol- 
ume 2, Joscphus, page 263, and before the chapter is concluded 
we find that the author means the last war between those two 
nations, which was ended only when Jerusalem was taken by 
Titus, A. D. 70, about forty years after the crucifixion, and when 
it is claimed and would seem that the Jewish nation had passed 
into the astral twilight of God's disfavor and condemnation. 

Josephus, as a historian, seems not to have pursued his 
work in accordance with any definite plan or system. It is 
extremely difficult for the reader to distinguish on a perusal 
of his w T ork where one subject ends and a new one begins, and 
cften there seems to be an amalgamation — if I may be allowed 
the term — cf several subjects under one head, and the writer 
makes a labored effort to consider and treat of them all as he 
progresses with his work. 

While the situation does not clearly appear, it would seem 
that about 66 or 67 A. D., there was quartered in and near 
Jerusalem a considerable body of Roman troops — heirlooms of 
some former situation that I do not care at this time to investi- 
gate. 

At about this time, also, the Jew r s themselves in Jerusalem 
were split into factions, and one or the other was, a good portion 
of the time, engaged in fomenting discord or openly eng'aged 
in sedition and semi-insurrection. As an outcome of this uncer- 
tain state of affairs, it so haopened that a considerable body of 
Roman soldiers, under the command of their General, Metilius, 
"were at length besieged in one cf the towers within the city by 



2 6 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

one of the seditious elements of the place — the great body of the 
people being either in sympathy with the besiegers or lukewarm 
toward the besieged. 

Being hard pushed, the Roman general at length offered 
to capitulate, provided the lives of himself and men were spared.. 
The offer was accepted, whereupon the Romans marched out 
and laid down their arms, but as soon as they were defenseless 
they were attacked by the Jews and every man, with the excep- 
tion of Metilius, was slain. 

On page 266 01 2d Josephus, the author says: 

"But as soon as, according to the articles of capitulation, 
they had all laid down their shields and swords, and were under 
no further suspicion of any harm, but were going away, Elea- 
zer's men attacked them after a violent manner and encamped 1 . 
them round and slew them. * * * * And thus were air 
these men barbarously murdered, except Metilius. *•**-*= 
This loss to the Romans was but light, there being no more- 
than a few slain out of an immense army, but still it seemed to 
be a prelude to the destruction of the Jews. * * * While 
men made public lamentation when they saw that such occasions 
were afforded for a war as was incurable; that the city was all 
over polluted with such abominations, from which it was but 
reasonable to fear some Divine vengeance. * * * * For,, 
indeed, it so happened that this murder was perpetrated on the 
Sabbath day, on which day the Jews have respite from their 
work on account of Divine worship." 

It will be noted that Josephus himself says that this bloody 
episode would seem to have been a prelude to their destruction 1 
— the beginning of the end. 

THE AWFUL DAY IN CAESAREA. 

Continuing his account of events, Josephus says on the next 
page, 267, though in another chapter: 

"Now the people Caesarea had slain the Jews that were 
among them on the very same day and hour when the soldiers 
were slain. Which one would think must have come to pass 
by the direction of Providence. Insomuch that in one hour's 
time above twenty thousand Jews were killed, and all Caesarea 
emptied of its Jewish inhabitants." 

It will be borne in mind, of course, that this awful tragedy 
also occurred on the Sabbath day. Josephus himself seems to 
have been impressed with the idea that an overruling Providence 
had something to do with these dreadful events, and naturally- 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 2 J 

the mind reverts to the prophetic words of One who "spake as- 
never man spake" concerning the awful calamities which were- 
to come upon Jerusalem. 

Victor Hugo said of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, that it 
was "the universe changing front," and it might be said here 
that in these bloody affairs, which were the beginning of the 
last war between the Jews and Romans, that it meant an over- 
ruling Providence changing front — that, as victory was vouch- 
safed to the Jewish nation on the Sabbath day so long as the 
nation retained God's favor, and the fruits of those victories 
were to be abundant; yet when because of national transgres- 
sions that favor was withheld, that day, as before, was still to be 
its most eventful war day, but eventful in woe and sorrow and 
disaster, instead of victory, peace and prosperity. 

I need not cite any historical authority in support of the 
fact so well known that after a siege of three years Jerusalem 
fell to rise no more. 

I shall leave to the readers of this little book the question 
as to whether I have proved from history that the Sabbath day 
was a more eventful war day in the history of the Jewish nation 
than all other days of the week combined, although the sugges- 
tion is here made that even the least eventful day of all those 
alluded to witnessed the overthrow of a usurping ruler — a revo- 
lution which restored to the Jewish nat'on its legally ordained 
governmental authority; with the fact that the virtual birth of 
the nation at Jericho and its final fall — its birth and death — ! - 
occurred on the Sabbath day, the first at Jericho, which was in 
reality the conquest of the "Promised Land," and the second' 
at Jerusalem, when, on the Sabbath day, the Jews struck the 
blow which ultimately resulted in the fall of the nation. What. 
can be more eventful in a nation's history than its birth and 
death? 

The rescue of the entire Jewish nationality, nearly 3,000,000 
in number, from absolute annihilation, probably, at the time of" 
the passage of the Red Sea, which also occurred on the Sabbath, 
would,, in a certain sense, alone and by itself, be an event of" 
greater importance than all events occurring in its history either 
in peace or war, so far as mere human interests are concerned. 

It may be said that the passage of the Red Sea was not war, 
and that the day of its occurrence ought not to be accounted' 



2 g THE CARROLL THEORY. 

a "war dav. My answer in regard to that is, as what constituted 
war in those days was understood, it was a war day, and the 
most tremendously eventful one in all Jewish history. 

THE SABBATH DAY CHANGED. 

As the first dav of the week is now the Sabbath day, whereas 
it was formerly the seventh that was observed by Divine injunc- 
tion, the question has been asked of me, "How do you get 
around this point?" My answer is that I neither have to nor do 
I attempt to "get around" any point or question which relates 
to the demonstration of the truth of my theory. I meet every 
question with the truth of history, and what seems at first to be 
an obstacle soon elisappears. 

Before I proceed to demonstrate from history the trans- 
cendant eventfulness of the Sabbath as an American war day, 
I must first dispose of this point. 

During nearly a score of years in my experience as a mem- 
ber of the bar, I made it a rule to make out my side of the case 
from my adversary's, if possible, and then make it again from 
my own points, authorities and evidence, if necessary. 

I shall adopt that rule in the present instance — the adver- 
sary being an imaginary objector, whom I will suppose is sitting 
before me as I write. 

Those who hold to the theory that the seventh day is still 
the Sabbath day base their whole argument on the Old Testa- 
ment, and I, who hold that the first day of the week is now the 
Sabbath day, base my argument also upon that same good old 
book. 

The objector quotes from Exodus 20:10, 11, where God 
Himself speaks: "Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy 
work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God." 

"Now, then," adds the imaginary objector, "now, then, does 
not God say that the seventh is the Sabbath day, and is not God 
unchanging?" 

In answer, I will say the objector is absolutely right in one 
particular, partly right and partly wrong* in another. 

It is true that God said, "But the seventh day is the Sab- 
bath of the Lord thy God." 

It is not true that God is unchanging. In all the God-like 
attributes that pertain to the Supreme Being, God is now, always 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 2 ~ 

has been and always will be unchanging, but in His ways and 
methods — and I say it with all due reverence — He is not un- 
changing — in other words, the Divine Mind may change. 

It has been my pleasure and privilege to hear — many times 
from the pulpit, even — much about the "unchangeableness of 
God's purposes, " and, while God fuib'd that I should assume to 
unfairly criticise my fellow men — .specially those occupying 
pulpits; we hear too much criticism cf that class on every hand — 
for their honest opinions honestly expressed, yet I have some- 
times thought that such utterances were made without due con- 
sideration. Let us see as to this unchangeabl n.ss cf purpose, 
or, in other words, of the Divine Mind. 

We find in Genesis 2:15, these words: "And ihe Lord God' 
took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress and 
keep it;" but in Genesis 3:24, we find that God "Drove out the 
man" from the garden wherein he had been placed to keep it. 

"Oh, yes, exclaims the objector, but that was because Adam 
transgressed." 

Yes, but here is a change of mind, a change of purpose, and 
because of what one person, or at best two persons, had done. 

Again, in Genesis 6:6, we find: "And it repented the Lord 
that He had made man on the earth, and it grieved Him at His. 
heart." 

"Of course," the objector replies, "but 'repented' only 
means that man had become sinful and God was grieved that He 
created man." 

Had not the Divine Mind changed, and because of what 
mankind had done? 

Further, in Genesis 6:7, we find that God says: "I will 
destroy man whom I have created." 

Creating and then destroying most certainly imply a change 
of mind on the part of the Creator, and the objector has to admit 
this, but protests that man is responsible, which I admit. 

Another illustration. Genesis 67: "And God said, 'I will 
destroy man whom I have created, from the face of the earth.' ' 
etc., and in the next verse we find these words: 

"But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord," and we 
all know from the Scriptural account that not only Noah but 
seven other persons were not destroyed. 



~ Q THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Does not this indicate a change of the Divine Mind, a 
change from the original purpose as set forth in the seventh 
verse of 6th Genesis? 

Once more. I quote from Genesis 11:1: "And the whole 
earth was of one language and of one speech." 

From that portion of the chapter which follows we find 
that God confounded their language at Babel, and from that 
time there were a variety of different languages spoken. 

Was not this evidence of the fact that God's plan and pur- 
poses regarding the language of the human family were changed? 
In other words, does it not show a change of the Divine Mind? 

One word more on this point. God created man in His 
own image, and the mind of man must, therefore, partake, in 
some degree, of the qualities of the Divine Mind. As the human 
mind, which reflects in some degree the Divine Mind, is ever 
changeable, is it not reasonable to infer that the Divine Mind 
may also change so far as purpose and intent regarding man is 
concerned? 

But, some one will say, "What has this to do with changing 
the Sabbath day?" Mv purpose has been to demonstrate that 
if in these things there have been changes from the original, then 
God is not unchangeable so far as methods are concerned, and 
I will now proceed to the main question. 

Is there not such a thing as Divine assent being given to 
certain things which man himself may do of his own volition? 

The objector will say "No." 

Let us see. By reference to Exodus 32:9 and 10, I find that 
^because of the transgressions, sinfulness and murmurings of 
Israel, God said to Moses: 

"I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiff-necked 
people. 

"Now, therefore, let me alone that my wrath may wax hot 
.against them, and that I may consume them, and I will make of 
thee a great nation." 

I find from the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth verses that 
' u Moses besought the Lord" and pleaded for mercy to the Chil- 
dren of Israel, and in the fourteenth verse I find this: 

"And the Lord repented of the evil which He thought to 
<io unto His people." 

Here is not only a change of the Divine Mind, but Divine 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 31 

assent was given to that which Moses asked for, and the de- 
struction of the people averted. 

Again. I quote from that chapter (16th) of Numbers which 
.gives an account of the Korah rebellion, and from the twentieth 
and twenty-first verses: 

"And the Lord spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying: 

"Separate yourselves from among this congregation that I 
may consume them in a moment." 

The next verse describes how Moses and Aaron fell on their 
faces and pleaded with God to spare Israel, and in the verses 
following how that by God's direction the great mass of the 
congregation separated themselves from the followers of Korah, 
Dathan and Abiram, after which we find that the earth opened 
and swallowed up the rebellious element, but the great mass of 
the Children of Israel were spared. 

Here, again, we find that Divine assent was given to the 
desire and plea of Moses and Aaron, and here, again, there must 
have been a change in the Divine Mind. 

Once again upon this point. I find in this same chapter, 
-Numbers 16, and in the forty-first verse. 

"But on the morrow all the congregation of the Children 
of Israel murmured," etc., and in the forty-fifth verse God said 
to Moses and Aaron: 

"Get you up from among this congregation, that I may 
consume them as in a moment. And they fell on their faces." 

From that which follows in the same chapter I find that 
Aaron, by command or entreaty of Moses, "ran into the midst 
of the congregation, and, behold, the plague was begun among 
the people, and he put an incense and made an atonement for 
the people. And he stood between the dead and the dying, and 
the plague was stayed. 

"Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand 
and seven hundred, besides them that died about the matter of 
Xorah." 

Here, then, we see that for the third time the Divine pur- 
pose was changed, and for the third time the Children of Israel 
were saved from destruction because Divine assent was given 
to the wishes and work of one, or, at most, of two men. 

Is God changeless, then, in methods and purposes concern- 
ing man? Is there not such a thing as Divine assent being 
given to the prayers, petitions, work and acts of man, so that 



3 2 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



the Divine Mind is changed and that which was at first intended 
does not happen, but some other situation or condition is ulti- 
mately reached? 

There can be but one answer to these questi ns in the light 
ci God's word, as found in the Old Testament. There is such a 
thing as a change in the Divine Mind, and there is such a thing 
as the Divine assent being given to the acts and wishes of man 
in some instances whereby certain th'ngs men may do, after 
Divine assent and approval are given, b:come virtually the acts' 
of God Himself. 

For about nineteen centuries, and all along the line of more 
than one thousand and five hundred years, millions, and I might 
say hundreds of millions, of the purest and noblest of all God's 
children all over the civilized world, have kept and observed 
Sunday, the first day of the week, as the Sabbath day, on which 
their prayers and supplications have in unison ascended to the 
throne of Grace in worship and in praise to the Great Author 
of all things, and can we doubt for a moment that the same God 
who assented to the prayers and wishes of one man and spared 
from annihilation and destruction the people of a whole nation 
did not, ages ago, give His approval and assent to the wishes, 
acts, prayers and supplications of hundreds of millions of devout 
men and women, who, for a good reason as they have considered 
it, have insisted on observing the first instead of the seventh 
day of the week as the Sabbath day? 

If for no other reason than that God has given His assent 
to this change of the Sabbath instituted by man, the first day 
of the week, called Sunday, has been the Sabbath day for more 
than a thousand years — as much the Holy Sabbath now as was 
the seventh day in the times of Joshua and Mouses. I know 
there are some who will say that this is "begging the question." 
but as I have never yet met a single person who is able to tell 
me just what he means by this term, and as I do not think it 
necessary to come this side of the Old Testament to establish 
my point, I will leave it here, with the suggestion that I have 
made out my case from the authority cited by the imaginary- 
adversary. 

In justice to the subject, however, it should here be said 
that some would hold that no statement need be made as to the 
change of the Sabbath day from the seventh to the first day of 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 33 

the week, while o'.hers would give a far d fftre.it reason for the 
change than the one I have slated — a reason not incompatible 
with my own, but, as already ssid, I am wll ing to "rest my 
case" where it has. been left, realizing, as I do, that the great 
mass of t 1 o;e w ho still hold that the seventh is the rightful 
Sabbath day cannot with good grace insist that Divine assent 
has not been given to the observance of the first instead of the 
seventh day in deference to the acts, prayers and petitions of 
hundreds of millions of Christian men and women, when the 
nationality to which most of this class belong was three times 
saved from extermination for the reason that Divine assent was 
given to the prayers, petitions, wishes and requests of two men. 
After all, there is not so very much in this question as to 
which is the rightful Sabbath day — the Jewish or the Christian 
— when we recall to mind the fact that for forty-eight hours after 
the Jewish Sabbath begins it is still the Jewish Sabbath on some 
portion of the earth's surface, and that for forty-eight hours 
from the beginning of the Christian Sabbath in any part of the 
world until it has passed and gone forever, it still continues to 
be the Christian Sabbath somewhere and in some land. 



-3 



THE SABBATH 



As an American War Day— Our First Aggressive Blow in Each 
"War — Turning Point— Last Blow, 



I have now given "The Theory," explained what "His 
Work" is, demonstrated that "The Sabbath has been a more 
eventful war day in Jewish history than all other days of the 
week combined/' made my presentation of the question relating 
to the "change of the Sabbath from the seventh to the first day 
of the week," and I will now pass to the next and probably to 
most of my readers a more interesting subject. 

I will now proceed to prove from history that "the Sabbath 
has been a four-fold more eventful war day in American war 
history than all other days of the week combined," being the 
same proposition as that which is applied to Jewish war history, 
but with the addition of the word "fcur-fold." 

First Aggressive Blow in Each One of Our Wars Struck by Us 

on Sunday —Turning Point on Saturday or Sunday 

— Last Blow on Sunday. 

It is a singular fact — I might say a most remarkable, and 
to. some even an appalling fact — that in each one of the eight 
wars in which the United States has been engaged our first 
aggressive blow has been struck on Sunday; in each case the 
turning point in our favor has been reached either on Saturday 
or; Sunday, the Jewish or the Christian Sabbath day, and in each 
war our last blow has also been delivered on Sunday. 

In this list I do not include the present insurrection in the 
Philippines. It is too soon to make up the record for that, but 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 35 

I might say concerning it that our first aggressive blow in that 
Tevolt or war, or whatever it may be ca'led, was struck on 
Sunday morning, February 5, 1899, the insurgents, however, 
having made an attack on our lines the evening before. 

WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— FIRST AGGRESSIVE 

BLOW. 

Late on Sunday night of the 12th of March, 1775, one 
month and seven days before the battle of Lexington, the first 
aggressive blow struck by the Americans in the war of the Rev- 
olution occurred at Westminster, Vermont, when the patriots 
seized the royal court house — a revolutionary act — which was 
followed by an attack made on the patriots the next day, and 
resulted in the killing of William French and wounding eight 
others, one of whom afterwards died. 

The purpose of the American patriots was to prevent the 
holding of a term of the royal court, which was to convene 
March 13, 1775. They held a meeting on the evening of March 
12 and resolved to proceed in a body to the court house the next 
day. The meeting then broke t-p, but, learning that the royal 
party were about to anticipate them, they immediately reassem- 
bled and seized the court house that night. 

While all of the histories which mention the occurrence at 
all — and most of them make no allusion to it — agree that 
William French was killed March 13, with the exceplion of 
"The Rangers," an historical story written by Thompson of 
Vermont, and " Volume 1, Governor and Council of Vermont," 
no light is thrown on the question of the seizure of the court 
house, and the fact that the court house was taken on Sunday 
night is only inferentially stated by the two works cited. 

On psges 1 (date given), 40, 49, 52 and 60 of "The Rangers" 
such facts are given as would quite conclusively show that the 
^vent occurred on Sunday night, while volume 1, Governor and 
Council State of Vermont, pages 314-315, shows from a state- 
ment made by a committee of leading citizens of Westminster, 
that the court was to convene March 13, but that the patriots 
had "thought proper to get to court before the armed guards 
were placed, for we were determined that our grievances should 
be laid before the court before it was opened." 



36 THE CARROLL, THEORY. 

''Harper's Book of Facts," page 904, states truly that 
William French was killed March 13, and says the court was to 
have convened March 14, but the committee I have referred to, 
who made their statement March 15, ought to have known what 
they were talking about when they said the court was to have 
convened March 13. 

Major Dewey, a relative of Admiral Dewey, now a resident 
of Cheyenne, Wyoming, but many years ago a resident of West- 
minster, Vermont, states that the true history of this affair, as 
it was then told at that place, was to the effect that the patriots 
took the court house late in the evening of March 12, 1775. 

I have certain other information in regard to the court 
house having been taken Sunday night, but I shall make no- 
use of it here. In closing his account of this occurrence, Judge 
Thompson says — Rangers, page 102: 

"Here was enacted the first scene of the great drama that 
followed; here was shed the first blood, and here fell the first 
martyr of the American Revolution." 

Although I cannot cite direct, positive historical authority 
on this point, I, nevertheless, claim that Westminster, Vermont,, 
the birthplace of my father, witnessed the deliverance of the- 
first aggressive blow in the Revolutionary War, and that this, 
first blow was struck on Sunday, March 12, 1775. 
DORCHESTER HEIGHTS. 

Some historians claim that the taking of Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, the invasion of Canada, the outgrowth of the 
first blow struck at Westchester, Vermont, and similar affairs 
— in fact the whole northern campaign — should not be consid- 
ered as belonging to the Revolutionary War proper, which, as 
they claim, began in the neighborhood of Boston. 

"For the sake of the argument" let that be conceded, and 
what then? 

Lexington was a blow struck by the British. Bunker Hill 
(in reality Breed's Hill) was an offensive defensive blow struck 
for the purpose of keeping the British penned up in Boston, and 
the investment of that city by Washington's army was for the 
same purpose. 

The seizure of Dorchester by Washington, which compelled 
the British to abandon Boston, was most assuredly our first 
aggressive blow, taking this view of the case. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 37 

From Lossing's History of the United States, page 247; 
IFrost's History of America, volume 2, page 24, it would appear 
that a bombardment was opened en the British lines "the even- 
ing" of March 2, 1776, while from Irving's Life of Washington, 
volume 4, page 224, it would seem that no real bDmbardment 
began until the morning of March 3, 1776. Scudder, in his Life 
of Washington, page 154, states that Washington "made his 
preparations as rapidly as possible, and on the 3rd of March took 
-possession of Dorchester Heights. March 3. 1776, was Sunday. 

BOSTON. 

The objector, however, says that the fall of Boston should 
be regarded as the first aggressive blow on our part. By con- 
sulting Lossing's Lmited States, page 247, or any and all of the 
Listories, it will be seen that Boston fell March 17, 1776. 
March 17, 1776, was Sunday. 

SALEM. 

On pages 761-762, Frost's History of America, volume 1, 
it is stated in reference to the march of Colonel Leslie (British) 
on Salem, that it not only occurred on the Sabbath day, but 
that this was "the first military enterprise of the Revolutionary 
War." This occurred on Sunday, February 26, 1775. 

While I claim that the first blow was struck at Westminster, 
I have given these other instances to show that I am fully justi- 
fied in asserting that our first aggressive blow in the Revolu- 
tionary War was struck on Sunday. 

TURNING POINT— REVOLUTION. 

Unquestionably the turning point in our favor in the war 
•of the Revolution was the Battle of Bennington, Vermont. This 
battle decided the fate of Burgoyne's army, and the surrender of 
that army led to the French alliance. While we might have suc- 
ceeded without the help of France, as a matter of fact the inde- 
pendence of America was assured by that alliance. I think the 
question as to Bennington is too well settled to require citations, 
yet I will refer to Lossing's History of the United States, page 
277' 

"This defeat (Bennington) was fatal to Burgoyne's future 
operations; this victory was a day star of hope to the Americans/' 



38 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

The battle of Bennington was fought on Saturday, August 
1 6, 1777, and while it was the Sabbath day on some portion of 
the earth's surface. 

MONMOUTH. 

Some historians claim that the battle of Monmouth was the 
turning point in the Revolution. This battle was fought on 
Sunday, June 28, 1778. See Lossing's United States, page 282, 
and other histories. 

LAST BLOW— REVOLUTION. 

We all know that the fall of Yorktown and the surrender 
of the British army under Lord Cornwallis resulted in the inde- 
pendence of the thirteen colonies and the overthrow of royal 
power in America. 

On Sunday, September 30, 1781, Washington, who had 
arrived with his army before Yorktown on the evening of Sep- 
tember 28, pushed forward and seized certain vantage ground, 
which was the key to the position, and before the British, as they 
seemed desirous of doing, could retake the position, the Amer- 
icans had fort'fied it so strongly that it could not have been 
wrested Lorn them. 

On page 410, volume 4, Irvlng's Life of Washington, we 
find that Tarhton, a British officer, criticized Cornwallis for- 
giving up this ground and claimed that had it been held the 
British, by disputing the ground ''inch by inch," could have 
held out until help came, and in Frost's History of America, 
volume 2, page 345, we find that Clinton, with 7,003 British 
troops, arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake bay just five 
days after the surrender. 

On page 340 Lossing's United Slates, 411-412 Irving's- 
Washington, volume 4, 307-308 Lodge's Washington, etc., will 
be found references to this military event. 

CAPTURE OF THE REDOUBTS. 

The objector is again heard from, and protests that the cap- 
ture of the two redoubts at Yorktown was the last blow struck 
by us at Yorktown, and that it was not necessary to do anything- 
further. 



THE CARROLL, THEORY. 30 

On pages 307-308, Lodge's Washington; pages 428 to 432, 
inclusive, volume 4, Irving's Washington; pages 343-344, Frost's 
America, volume 2, it will be seen that the two redoubts were 
taken October 14, 1781, and that there was nothing left for the 
British to do except surrender or escape, which they tried to 
do, but failed, when the white flag was raised and the terms of 
capitulation agreed upon. . 

October 14, 1781, was Sunday. 

OUR FIRST AGGRESSIVE BLOW— WAR WITH 
I , FRANCE. 

There was no declaration of war on either side in our war 
with France, 1798- 1800, and it is perhaps for this reason that so 
many Americans will tell you they have never heard of it before. 
The French navy, under orders from the French Directory, 
began its depredations on American vecsels as early as 1796, 
but it was not until 1798 that our government authoiized retal- 
iation, from which time it may be said war existed until Septem- 
ber 3c, 1800, when a treaty of peace was signed. 

I quote from Hart's Epochs of American History, page 167: 

"A succession of statutes (Congress being in session) "in 
April, May and June, hurried on m litary and naval prepara- 
tions, and on Julv 7, 1798, American vessels of war were author- 
iqed to attach French cruisers." 

On page 287, volume 2, McMasters' People of the United 
States, it is stated that Decatur (father of Commodore Decatur), 
in command of the s!oop of war Delaware, sailed July 6 (from 
Philadelphia, then the United States Capital) and while still In 
sight of land learned of the near proximity of a French privateer, 
and after a chase of "a few hours," overtook and captured her. 
This appears to have been cur first aggressive blow in that war, 
but manifestly McMasters has mistaken the date cf sailing and 
capture, for it will be seen from my first quotation that it was 
not until July 7 that "American vessTs of war"— the Delaware 
was a vessel of war belonging to our navy — were authorized to 
attack French cruisers. That the newspaper from which Mc- 
Masters quotes must have been mistaken in the date, or, at all 
events, an error somewhere, there can be no doubt. No Amer- 
ican naval officer would dare, without the authority of govera- 
ernment, to do an act like this. As between the question as 'to 



40 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

the accuracy of a perhaps hastily written newspaper account 
and the lienor of an American naval officer like Stephen Decatur 
the elder, I have no hesitation in making a choice. 

The authority to attack French cruisers could not, in reality, 
have taken effect until July 8, 1798, which must have been the 
day on which the French privateer was captured — our first 
aggressive blow in the war, and if the editors of the World's 
Book of Facts for 1898 apply the same rule to the French war 
that they do to the war of 181 2 and the Mexican war, that of 
dating the beginning of the war on the day after the event 
occurred which either was war or caused war, it would exactly 
corroborate my position, for the authority alluded to en page 
312 gives the c'ate of the beginning of the war as July 9, 1798, 
the day after the authority cf the government to attack French 
cruisers went into effect, and the day after Decatur made his 
capture, which, as I have already shown, must have been on 
July 8. July 8, 1798, was Sunday. 

TURNING POINT— WAR WITH FRANCE. 

The turning point in our favor in the war with France, as 
all will agree, was the capture, by the Constellation, of the French 
frigate LTnsurgente (L-shoo-shong), in the West India waters. 
See World's Book of Facts, 1899, page 86. This capture was 
made Saturday, February 9, 1799. 

OUR LAST BLOW— WAR WITH FRANCE. 

Our last blow in the war with France was the battle between 
the Constellation ctid the French frigate La Vengence (La Vin- 
shon), which resulted in the surrender of the French vessel, 
but in the night, after a renewal of the battle, she succeeded in 
making her escape, with a loss cf 160 killed and wounded, while 
the Americans lost only ten. 

Lcssing, in his Story of the American Navy, psge 72, says 
the battle began in the evening of Febraury 1, 1800, and lasted 
until 1 o'clock in the morning, whi'e M'Clay, in his history, as 
cited in the World's Book of Facts (Almanac), page 85, gives 
February 2 3 1800, as the date. February 2, 1800, was Sunday. 

BOSTON-BERCEAU. 

It might be said that the fight between the American war- 
ship Boston and the French cruiser Berceau was the last battle 



THE CARROLL, THEORY. 41 

of the war. There are two things to be said about that. This 
battle occurred twelve days after the treaty of peace had been 
signed, and that this fight, as will be seen by referring to the 
World's Book of Facts, as cited from M'Clay, on page 92, was 
fought on Sunday, October 12, 1800. 

WAR WITH 1RIPOLI— FIRST AGGRESSIVE BLOW. 

Tripoli declared war against us because we refused to pay 
tribute for the privilege of trading in the Mediterranean Sea, 
June 10, 1801. The declaration consisted merely in cutting 
down the flagstaff of the AmerLan consulate at Tripoli, the 
cap'tal of one of the Barbary S;ates cf the same name. 

It is well known to all students of American history that 
for nearly two years we acted purely on the offensive. McMas- 
ters, in his History of the People of the United States, page 201, 
volume 3, says that Jefferson, who was then president, com- 
plained in a message to Congress that he could rot make war 
on a foreign nation until he was first authorized to do so. For 
nearly two years matters seem to have proceeded in a very 
unsatisfactory way, and we made no aggressive move against 
Tripoli. 

One of our small war vessels, however — the Enterprise — - 
had an engagement with a Tripolitan cruiser in the Mediter- 
ranean on Saturday or Sunday, August 1 or 2, 1801 — it was at 
all events during the Sabbath time of forty-eight hours — and 
after a long fight the Tripolitan commander tried to surrender — 
hoisted a white flag, but it was not seen. He then made his 
appearance at some convenient point on his vessel and, taking 
off his cap, bowed to the Americans and threw his flag over- 
board. 

The Americans then went on board, destroyed all the 
ammunition, pitched the guns overboard and destroyed every- 
thing nearly, except provisions, and leaving the Tripolitans with 
but one sail that would be serviceable, set the corsair adrift to 
make its way to Tripoli as best it could, where the vessel arrived 
eventually, when, by the Bashaw's orders, the captain was pub- 
licly flogged and made to ride through the streets of Tripoli 
on a long-eared an'mal somewhat smaller than a mule, to 
the great amusenrnt of the populace. 

But to return. The first aggressive blow struck by the 



4 2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Americans in that war was when the frigate Philadelphia, com- 
manded by Captain Bainbridge, chased a Tripolitan cruiser into 
the harbor of Tripoli, firing as she went, but inside the harbor 
the Philadelphia grounded upon the rocks and was captured by 
the Tripolitans before she could be cast loose, and her crew of 
300 men also fell into the hands of the enemy. 

Gurnsey, in his History of the United States, page 364; 
Frost's History of the United States, pages 413-414; Lossing's- 
Story of the American Navy, page 82, and others mention this 
event, but it is only in Lossing's United States, page 391, that 
the date of the capture of the vessel is given, October 31, 1803. 

While not specifically stated, enough appears in history to 
show that the chasing of the cruiser into the harbor of Tripoli' 
must have occurred on the evening before the American vessel' 
was captured, the evening of October 30, 1803. October 30^ 
1803, was Sunday. 

TURNING POINT— WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 

These who are familiar with the history of Napoleon's cam- 
paigns, know how he once marched an army from Alexandria 
across the desert and invaded Egypt, but there are many, very 
many, Americans, even, who would be at least surprised if told' 
that an American army once marched from the same point for 
700 miles across the deserts of North Africa, fought battles and 
captured a large fortified city on the Mediterranean coast . 

Such, however, is the fact, and Lossing's History of the 
United States, page 392, gives the date of the fall of Derne, the- 
city alluded to, as Anril 27, 1805. 

This was most unmistakably the turning point in our favor 
in the war with Tripoli. April 27, 1805, was Saturday — wiLhiii 
the Sabbath time of forty-eight hours. 

LAST BLOW— WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 

The last blow in the war with Tripoli was struck in a pecu- 
lar way, and yet it was a hostile blow, which proved very effect- 
ive. Not long after the loss of the Philadelphia, the harbor of 
Tripoli was blockaded by an American squadron and several 
bombardments of the city occurred, and after the fall of Derne, 
which the historians say greatly terrified the Bashaw, it was 
understood that Tripoli would soon again be bombarded by the 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 4; > 

Americans as it had never been before. The Bashaw was ready- 
to make peace on almost any terms, so when the Essex 
made a demonstration up the harbor, which was sup- 
posed to be a prelude to the great bombardment, the Bashaw 
sent a Tripolitan flag (I am not able to give references regard- 
ing that particular incident) on board the Essex in token of sub- 
mission. As to the appearance of the Essex, as I have stated, see 
McMasters' People of United States, page 207, volume 3. 

Lossing states that the treaty was signed June 4, 1805, but 
McMasters says (page 208, volume 3) that it was signed June 3. 
That the treaty was negotiated and signed the next day after 
the appearance of ihe Essex there can be little or no doubt. 
That the Essex made her appearance June 2 scarcely admits of 
a question, for treaties of peace are not apt to be negotiated 
and signed on the same day that one side or the other agrees to 
submit. June 2, 1805, was Sunday. 

FIRST BLOW— WAR OF 1812. 

I have passed the point wdiere there is even the slightest 
ambiguity as to the dates when first, last and intermediate blows 
were delivered. 

On page 414, Lossing's History of the United States, in a. 
foot-note, I find the following, and other historians, though not 
giving the date, refer to the event: 

"At the time of the declaration of war, Commcdore Rodgers- 
was at Sandy Hook, New York, with a small squadron, con- 
sisting of the frigates President, Congress, United States, and 
the sloorj of war Hornet. Pie put to sea on the 21st of June 
(18 1 2) in pursuit of a British squadron which had sailed as a 
convoy of a West India fleet. After a slight engagement and 
a chase of several hours, the pursuit was abandoned at near 
midnight." 

War had been declared on the 18th of June, and this was 
only three days later. June 21, 1812, was Sunday. 

ANOTHER NAVAL ENGAGEMENT. 

On Saturday or Sunday, July 11 or 12, 1812, and I do not 
care which, for it was within what I call the "Sabbath time" of 
forty-eight hours, an engagement occurred between the British 
warship Commerce and the American brig Decatur, oft the 
Long Island coast, in which the Americans were victorious, but 



44 TH E CARROLL THEORY. 

the British were the assailants. See World EoDk of Facts, 
page 90. 

INVASION OF UPPER CANADA. 

On Sunday, July 12, 1812, the American army under Gen- 
eral Hull crossed the Detroit River and began the invas*on of 
Upper Canada, an aggressive, hostile blow, although no battle 
"was fought on that day. Lossing's History of the United States, 
page 410. 

Other histories mention the fact, but none, with the excep- 
tion of Lossing's, gives the date, so far as I can discover. 

TURNING POINT— WAR OF 1812. 

Sunday, July 3, 1814, an American army, under Generals 
Scott and Riply, crossed the Niag.ra River, attacked and cap- 
tured Fort Erie, and if it can be said that there was really any 
turning point in the war of 181 2, it must surely have been this 
occasion, for this was the beginning of one of the most glorious 
campaigns in American history, culminating in the battle of 
LLundy's Lane. The moral effect of this campaign on the minds 
of the British ministry turned the tide toward a peaceful solu- 
tion of the difficulties between the two nations. As to the battle 
of Fort Erie, see Lossing's United States, page 433. 

LAST BLOW— WAR OF 1812. 

By the term 'last blow" I do not necessarily mean the 
occasion when the last gun was in reality fired. What is meant 
is that the blow had the effect of terminating the war, or induc- 
ing one side or the other to make peace. 

The last blow of the war of 181 2, or, rather, two blows, as 
was in fact the case, were struck by us on September 11, 1814, 
when the battles oi Lake Champlain and Plattsburg were 
fought — one resulting in the total defeat of the British army, 
and the other in the capture or destruction of the British fleet. 

No more military enterprises were undertaken by the 
British after that, although two campaigns were closed in other 
parts of the country. 

As to the two battles I have referred to and the date, see 
Lossing's United States, page 435; Guernsey's United States, 
j:age 388, and many others. September 11, 1814, was Sunday. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



NEW ORLEANS. 



45 



The objector here arises and remarks that he had supposed 
the battle of New Orleans to have been the last battle of the 
war of 1812, and with a complacent smile at his familiarity with 
history, resumes his seat. 

As I have once before had cccasion to say, there are two 
things to be said at this point: F'rst, the event alluded to 
occurred after the treaty of peace had been concluded, and, 
second, the battle of New Orleans was fought on Sunday, Jan- 
uary 8, 181 5, and I will refer to any or all the histories of the 
United States that have ever been written. 

FIRST AGGRESSIVE BLOW— MEXICAN WAR. 

No great event in American history has been so persist- 
ently misunderstcod as the Mexican war. I have not the space 
and inclination to make any extended reference to the origin 
of the Mexican war, except to say that Texas, the annexation 
of which to the United States brought on the war, was originally 
a part of the Louisiana purchase, but President Monroe swapped 
it off to Spain for Florida, paying $5,000,000 "to boot," some- 
thing which, in justice to the many thousands of Americans who 
flocked into Texas nearly a century ago, ought not to have been 
done. 

When the San Antonio massacre of 181 3, by which yoo 
people lost their lives, and other blcody episodes, by which 
altogether 2,500 American lives were sacrificed in trying to 
maintain their rights, are remembered, together with the further 
fact that Mexico never for a single day exercis:d undisputed 
sovereignty over Texas, it must, I think, put a new phase on 
the question and lead one to think that, instead of a pro-slavery 
war for conquest only, we were but re-asserting our rightful 
jurisdiction over Texas when we re-possessed ourselves of its 
territory in 1846, and that, too, after Texas had won its inde- 
pendence from Mexico and been admitted into the Federal 
Union. 

The immediate cause of the war was the dispute over bound- 
aries, Mexico claiming the territory up to the Neuces River, 
and we claiming everything down to the Rio Grande. 

To invade a territory in dispute has always been regarded 



4 6 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

as an act of war on the part of the nation so doing, and to march 
an army into it is a hostile blew. 

THE FIRST MARCH. 

On Sunday, March 8, 1846, General Taylor, with his army, 
began his march into the disputed territory in obedience to 
orders from the government at Washington. Grant's Memoirs, 
volume I, page 84. 

THE ARROYO COLORADO. 

Sunday, March 22, 1846, after having been officially notified 
by the Mexican government that to even cross the Arroyo 
Colorado River would be considered as a declaration of war, 
General Taylor not only crossed the river, but resumed his 
march into the disputed territory. Frost's History of America, 
volume 2, page 686. 

OPPOSITE MATAMORAS. 

On Sunday, March 29, 1846, after having marched with his 
army the day before from Point Isabel, Taylor began to throw 
up fortifications opposite Matamoras, a Mexican town on the 
other side of the river, and at a point which would command 
and menace it from the ''disputed territory," another aggressive 
and hostile blow. See Lossing's History of the United States, 
page 481. 

BLOCKADE OF THE RIO GRANDE. 

On Sunday, April 12, 1846, General Taylor issued orders 
tor the blockade at the mouth of the Rio Grande River (the 
American squadron being temporarily subject to his direction), 
and Taylor's orders seem to have been put in force on the same 
day. Another aggressive blow and warlike act. See Frost's 
History of America, volume 2, page 639. 

PORTER'S FIGHT. 

On Sunday, April 19, 1846, Lieutenant Porter, with a small 
party of American dragoons, fell in with a considerable party of 
Mexicans, camped in a chapparel about twenty miles west of 
Fort Brown (the work Taylor had constructed opposite Mata- 
moras). One of the Mexicans snapped his piece at Porter — or 
Porter imagined he did — whereupon Porter discharged both 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 47 

barrels of his gun at the Mexican, and ordered a charge. The 
.Americans charged on the Mexican camp and captured it, with 
the camp equippage, ten saddle horses and ten saddles, driving 
the Mexicans in everv direction. Later, on the same day, the 
fight was renewed. Porter and one of his men were killed, the 
rest making their escape. 

This shot fired by Porter was the first hostile shot fired in 
the Mexican war. Frost's History of America, pages 635-636, 
•volume 2. 

BOMBARDMENT OF MATAMORAS. 

On Sunday, May 3, 1846 (the Mexicans having fired on our 
batteries), under the supposition that Matamoras had been 
abandoned by its Mexican population, our guns were turned 
on the tow r n itself, which was still full of people, men, women 
and children. This constituted an independent and aggressive 
hostile blow. Frost's History of America, volume 2, pages 
647-648. 

INVASION OF MEXICO. 

Sunday, May 17, 1846, the army under General Taylor 
r^egan the invasion of Mexico. A portion of the army, under 
Colonel Wilson, crossed the Rio Grande on that day, and was 
followed by the balance of the. army the next morning. On 
approaching Matamoras, the town was found defenseless, the 
Mexican army having retreated during the night. 

It should be stated here that the battles of Palo Alto and 
Hesaca-de-la-Palma (Dry River of Palms), fought on the 8th 
and 9th of May, were in consequence of an aggressive blow or 
movement cf the enemy, who fired the first shot at Palo Alto. 

See Frost's History of America, volume 2, pages 674-675, 
as to crossing the Rio Grande, and Grant's Memoirs, volume I, 
page 94, as to Palo Alto. 

MARCH ON MONTEREY. 

On Sunday, the 6th of September, 1846, General Taylor, 
with his army, began the march on Monterey from Matamoras 
and his position on the Rio Grande. Frost's History of America, 
volume 2, page 681. 



48 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

MONTEREY. 

Sunday, September 20, 1846, the attack on Monterey began,. 
and one of the material achievements cf that day was sufficient 
to seal the fate of the city. A portion of the American division 
under Gen. Worth reached Monterey, and after a severe fight: 
got possession of the Saltello read, leading out to the south- 
west. From that moment Monterey and the Mexican army 
defending: it were dcomed, and on September 24 Monterey sur- 
rendered, and with it the Mexican army cf 9,500 men. 

See Grant's Memoirs, volume 1, page 10S; Lossing's His- 
tory of the United States, page 484, including foot-notes; also 
Frost's History of America, volume 2, p?ge 685. 

TURNING POINT— MEXICAN WAR. 

Sunday, April 18, 1847, the battle of Cero Gardo was fought, 
which was most surely the turning point in our favor, although 
some have held that the fall of Vera Cruz should be so consid- 
ered. At Cero Gardo the Americans captured 3,000 prisoners, 
and opened the way for Scott's final march on the Mexican cap- 
ital. The Americans captured a trophy at Cero Gardo that 
caused much amusement. Santa Ana, then President of Mexico, 
was in command of the Mexican army. He wore a wooden leg, 
and usually rode in a carriage, at which times he would remove 
the wooden leg, but, of course, always had it in the carriage, 
ready to be adjusted. When the Americans came flocking up 
the heights from every direction, his army gave way, and, get- 
ting assistance, Santa Ana mounted a mule and escaped. The 
wooden leg was left, which, together with the carriage itself, fell 
into our hands. As to the battle, see Lossing's United States^ 
page 490, and all other histories of the United States. 

FALL OF VERA CRUZ. 

As already intimated, there are those who claim the fall 
of Vera Cruz to have been the turning point in the Mexican war 
— 5,000 Mexicans surrendered when the city fell. As a matter 
of fact the capitulation of Vera Cruz occurred on Sunday, March 
28, 1847. See Frost's History of America, volume 2, pages 
741-742. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 49 

LAST BLOW— MEXICAN WAR. 

On Sunday, September 12, 1847, the attack on Chapultepec 
began in the way of a terrific bombardment, which was con- 
tinued all day, and renewed early the next morning, by which 
wide breaches had been made in the walls, when the Americans 
moved up the slopes, stormed the crest and carried the castle, 
but with heavy loss. 

Grant's Memoirs, volume 1, page 154; Frost's History of 
America, volume 2, page 781, and other histories. 

WAR OF 1861— FIRST AGGRESSIVE BLOW. 

On Sunday, May 5, 1861, the first aggressive blow was 
struck on the part of the Union at the Relay House, eight miles 
from Baltimore. The object of the movement was to cut the 
railroad communication betwee Harper's Ferry and Wash- 
ington, as it was supposed that a large body of Confederates 
were assembling at the former place for an attack on the Capital. 

General Butler was in command of the Federal troops, and 
was entirely successful in all particulars. Some of the histories 
give the date as May 6, but General Butler ought to know best, 
and he tells us it was May 5. Butler's Book, pages 217-225. 

BIG BETHEL. 

On Sunday, June 9, 1861, General Butler, then in command 
at Fortress Monroe, made all necessary preparations to attack 
the Confederates, proposing to move against them at midnight, 
but, as a matter of fact, the movement began while it was still 
Lie Sabbath day. For this reason it might be said that the blow 
was, in a certain sense, struck on Sunday. Butler's Book, pages 
267-268. 

BULL RUN. 

The world at large, however, will always cons' der that the 
first battle of Bull Run was in reality the first actual, aggressive 
blow struck in favor of the Union in the Civil W T ar, and I am not 
disposed to take issue with that view of the case. 

Although it is almost universally known that this battle 
was fought July 21, 1861, I will cite Lossing's History of the 
Unitqd States, page 568, as to the date. July 21, 1861. was 
Sunday. 



5Q THE CARROLL THEORY 

TURNING POINT— WAR OF 1861. 

On Saturday, July 4, 1863, Vieksburg and the Confederate 
army of 31,000 men under Pemberton, surrendered to General 
Grant, and on the same day the Confederate army under Lee 
retreated southward from Gettysburg. There are probably none 
who will deny the fact that this was the turning point in our 
Civil War. 

See Grant's Memoirs, volume I, pages 563-564-565; also 
volume 3, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, pages 421- 
422-423. 

LAST BLOW— WAR OF 1861. 

On Sunday, April 2, 1865, the last, final great battle of the 
war of 1 86 1 was fought south of Petersburg, Virginia, the result 
being the total defeat and retreat of the Confederate army, the 
downfall of Richmond and Petersburg, virtually ending the Civil 
War. See Lossing's History of the United States, pages 717- 
718; also all other histories of the Civil W^ar. 

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE. 

On Sunday, April 9, 1865, the Confederate army under 
Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox 
Court House, Virginia, and the Southern Confederacy fell with 
Lee's army. If the fall of Richmond and Petersburg was not 
sufficient as a final blow T , the surrender of the Confederate army 
surely was. Grant's Memoirs, volume 2, pages 493-494-495, 
and all other histories of the Civil War. 

WAR WITH SPAIN— FIRST AGGRESSIVE BLOW. 

On Sunday, May 1, 1898, the American fleet, under Com- 
modore, now Admiral, Dewey, fought and utterly destroyed the 
Spanish fleet at Manila Bay, Philippine Islands. 

This was the first blow of the Americans in the war with 
Spain, and, besides the complete destruction of the Spanish 
fleet, it was the virtual conquest of the Philippines, so far as 
the sovereignty of Spain was concerned. See the World Book 
of Facts for 1899, pages 64-65. 

TURNING POINT— WAR WITH SPAIN. 
On Sunday, July 3, 1898, the American modern battleship 
fleet, under Rear Admiral Sampson, but with Rear Admiral 



THE CARROLL, THEORY. cp 

Schley in immediate command, fought and totally destroyed 
the Spanish modern battleship fleet, under Admiral Cervera, 
off the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, Island of Cuba. This, as 
all will concede, was the turning point in the war with Spain. 
See the World Book of Facts, page 65. 

LAST BLOW— WAR WITH SPAIN. 

On Sunday, July 3, 1898, after a spirited bombardment, 
General Shafter demanded the surrender of Santiago de Cuba. 

On Sunday, July 10, 1898, the bombardment of Santiago 
de Cuba was resumed. 

Sunday, July 17, 1898, Santiago de Cuba surrendered to 
General Shafter, together with a Spanish army of 24,500 men. 

This was our last blow in that war, and Spain sued for 
peace July 26, 1898. See the World Book of Facts, pages 65 
and 90. 

WAR WITH ALGIERS. 

Though not in the regular order in which it should have 
.been mentioned, I have purposely delayed any mention of the 
war with Algiers to the last, because some of the historians 
:make no allusion to it whatever, others mention the facts, but 
do not call it a war, while others, like Lossing, Guernsey and 
Crump, allude to it as ''The War With Algiers." 

Whatever it may be called, it was fought through in one 
naval battle. Commodore Stephen Decatur, in command of an 
American warship, the Guerriere, fought and captured an Alge- 
rian man-of-war, the Mashonda, and another and smaller vessel, 
together with nearly 600 prisoners, not far from the western 
extremity of the Mediterranean Sea, early in the summer of 
181 5. This one battle opened and closed the war, a treaty of 
peace being signed ten days later, by the terms of which Algiers 
acceded to everything we demanded, which was mainly for the 
release of several American seamen held as prisoners, even 
worse, as slaves and for a good round sum in the way of indem- 
nity for depredations on American commerce. Now as to the 
date, Lossing and M'Clay, one quoting from the other, probably, 
place the day of this battle as June 17, 181 5, but Crump, whose 
history was written nearly forty years before either of the others^ 
gives the date as June 18, 181 5. See The World (by Crump), 
page 22J. 



5 2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

I have no doubt of the correctness of Crump's date; at all 1 
events, whether on that day or the day before, it was within: 
the Sabbath time of forty-eight hours, during which it was. 
Sunday on some portion of the earth. 

An old rhyme — no one can tell where or when it first: 
started on its rounds — might serve to corroborate Crump's 
opinion. It is as follows: 

"Eighteenth of June, eighteen fifteen, 
Decatur whaled the Algerine, 
While Wellington, the brave and true, 
Flogged Bonaparte at Waterloo." 

As is well known to all students of history, the battle of 
Waterloo was fought Sunday, June 18, 1815. 

I have now finished that branch of my subject relating to* 
the first, last and intermediate blows struck by Americans im 
our various wars, and I leave it for subjects yet to come with this 
suggestion to the readers of this little book: After reading and 
considering these singular and remarkable facts concerning- 
Sunday in our war history, do you not think there is something- 
connected with them beyond mere coincidence? 

NUMBER OF BATTLES ON EACH DAY OF THE'. 
WEEK IN EACH OF OUR EIGHT WARS. 

I will next proceed to give, in tabulated form, the number 
of battles' fought on each day of the week in each one of the 
eight wars in which this country has been engaged. This state- 
ment does not, of course, include the present difficulty in the 
Philippine Islands, for it is too soon to obtain the data for that: 
purpose. 

The following list includes every battle, engagement, com- 
bat, skirmish and hostile collision of whatever kind, nature or 
magnitude, and so far as the Civil War is concerned is taken- 
from the Official Index to the voluminous records of that war,, 
and was issued by authority of the government in April of the 
present year. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



53 



Revolution. 

Sunday 34 

Monday 10 

Tuesday 13 

Wednesday 15 

Thursday 13 

Friday 12 



War of 1812. 

Sunday 26 

Monday 17 

Tuesday 19 

Wednesday . . . . 22 

Thursday 19 

Friday 12 



Saturday .. . 



11 Saturday 17 



War With Spain. 

Sunday 5 

Monday 1 

Tuesday 1 

Wednesday .... 1 

Thursday — 

Friday 2 

Saturday 2 



Total 113 

War With F.ance. 

Sunday 3 

Monday — 

Tuesday — 

Wednesday l 

Thursday — 

Friday 1 

Saturday 2 

Total 7 

War With Tripoli. 

Sunday 2 

Monday 2 

Tuesday — 

Wednesday 3 

Thursday — 

[Friday 1 

Saturday 3 

Total 11 



Total 142 

War With Mexico. 

Sunday 12 

Monday 10 

Tuesday 3 

Wednesday 6 

Thursday 6 

Friday 8 

Saturday 5 

Total 47 

War. 



Civil 
Sunday. . 
Monday . . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 

Total . . 



. 3,054 
. 1,822 
, 1,769 
, 1,765 
1,816 
, 1,756 
, 1,870 

13,832 



Total 12 

War With Algiers. 

Sunday 1 

Monday — 

Tuesday — 

Tuesday — • 

Wednesday — 

Thursday — 

Friday — 

Saturday — 

Total 1 



Grand Total, 
Sunday . . 
Monday . . 
Tuesday . . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . . , 
Saturday . . 



Wars. 
. 3,147 
. 1,862 
. 1,835 
, 1,813 

1,874 
, 1,779 

1,9 8 



Grand total. 14,206 



It has been with great labor and patient effort that I have 
made the investigations necessary to ascertain the foregoing 
facts, a work of several weeks, and, while I would not claim 
that errors may not have been made, I do claim that it is sub- 
stantially correct in every particular. The list is made up from 
official records and ordinary histories. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that 1,239 more battles, 
•combats, engagements, skirmishes and hostile collisions have 
occurred on Sunday in our American war history than on any 
other day of the week. 



54 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



NUMBER OF BATTLES EACH DAY OF THE WEEK! 
IN EUROPEAN WARS. 

It is my purpose to show from history, in support of my 
theory, not only that the Sabbath has been the most eventful 
war day in the history of the Jewish nation and the United 
States, but I propose to show, so far as it can be done from 
historical data, that the Sabbath has been the least eventful in. 
the history of any other nation. 

The following tabulated statement shows the number of 
battles fought on each day of the week in European wars of 
the past 150 years. 



Napoleonic Wars. 


Wars 1852 to 1802. 


Miscellaneous. 


Sunday 14 


Sunday 12 


Sunday 


. .. 10 


Monday 29 


Mcnday 20 


Monday .... 


... 8 


Tuesday . . ...... 18 


Tuesday 21 


Tuesday .... 


...15 


"Wednesday 15 


Wednesday 15 


Wednesday . . 


...11 


Thursday 15 


Thursday 16 


Thursday . . . 


... 16- 


Friday '. 21 


Friday 16 


Friday ..... 


... 14 


Saturday 19 


Saturday 15 


Saturday .... 


... 14r 


Total 134 


Total 115 


Total 


... 83, 


All Other Wars Since 


Grand Totals. 





1752. 

Sunday 21 

Monday 41 

Tuesday 32 

Wednesday 27 

Thursday 31 

Friday 33 

Saturday 30 



Total . 



... 22c 



Sunday 57 

Monday 98 

Tuesday 83 

Wednesday .... 78 

Thursday 78 

Friday 87 

Saturday 78 

Total 562 



The foregoing does not include all of the minor engage- 
ments in European wars — the histories do not give them — but 
it does include all of the battles of any importance so far as 
they can be obtained from history. From the standpoint of the 
number of battles fought, Monday would seem to be the most 
and Sunday the least eventful of European war days. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 55 

THIRTY GREAT BATTLE SABBATHS OF THE RE- 
PUBLIC 

Thirty great battles, either absolutely fought, or begun, or 
ended on Sunday; thirty victories for the same nation, which 
in twenty-four of these battles was the attacking party; thirty 
eventful battles in which, in each instance, the fate of a nation, 
a race, an army, a fleet, or the outcome cf an important cam- 
paign hung in the balance, is something which .in human history 
finds no parallel ei'Jier on Sunday, any other, day of the week, 
or on all days of the week combined. That t' i> has happened 
in our American war history, the following list taken from 
unquestioned history will fully verify: 

Boston — Sunday, March 3-17, 1776. British power forever 
banished from New England. Americans attacked. Lossing's 
United States, nage 247. 

Monmouth — Sunday, June 28, 1778. Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey reclaimed from the enemy. Americans attacked. 
Lossing's United States, page 257. 

Yorktown — Sunday, September 30, Sunday, October 14, 
1 78 1, royal power in America overthrown, independence 
achieved; 8,500 British surrendered. Americans attacked. 
Lossing's L T nited States, page 342; Frost's America, page 344, 
volume 2. 

Fort -Erie — Sunday, July 3, 1814, turning point in the war 
of 1812, in favor of the Americans. The Americans attacked. 
Lossing's United States, page 443. 

Lake Champlain — Sunday, September 11, 1814, British fleet 
captured and New England probably saved from conquest. 
World Book of Facts for 1899, page 91; Lossing's United 
States, page 435. 

Plattsburg — Sunday, September 11, 1814, Biitish army de- 
feated and retreated to Canada. Successful end of campaign. 
Lossing's United States, page 436. 

New Orleans — Sunday, January 8, 1815, total defeat and re- 
treat of the Briti.h army. Lo:sing's United States, page 439. 

Chapultepec— Sunday, September 12, 1847, fall oi the Mex- 
ican Republic and end of the war. Americans attacked. Grant 
Memoirs, volume 1, page 154; Frost, volume 2, page 781. 

Cerro Gardo — Sunday, April 18, 1847, turning point in our 



r£ THE CARROLL THEORY 

favor in the Mexican war. Americans attacked. Lossing's 
United States, pages 489-490. 

Vera Cruz— Sunday, March 28, 1847, City and Mexican 
army of 5,000 men surrendered. Frost, volume 2, pages 741-742. 

Monterey — Sunday, September 20, 1846, City and Mexican 
army of 9,500 men surrendered. Americans attacked. Loss- 
ing's United States, volume 2, page 344, with foot-notes, 

Fort Donelson — Sunday, February 16, 1862, a Confederate 
army of 14,700 men surrendered. Americans attacked. Grant's 
Memoirs, volume 1, page 312. 

Monitor-Merr mac — Sunday, March 9, 1862, naval warfare 
of the world revolutionized, Merrimac crippled and defeated; 
cities on Northern coast probably saved from bombardment. 
Ameiicans attacked. Lossing's United States, page 614, etc. 

Island No. 10 — Sunday, March 16, 1862, an army of 
6,coo Confederates surrendered. The Ameiicans attacked. 
Abbott's History Civil War, volume 2, page 263. 

Kenestown — Sunday, March 23, 1862, control of the Shen- 
andoah Valley recovered. Americans ' attacked. Batt'es and 
Leaders of the Civil War, volume 2, page 304. 

Shiloh — Sunday, April 6, 1862, Confederates defeated. Hal- 
Ieck afterwards said to Grant: "You won Corinth when you 
triumphed at Shiloh." Grant's Memoirs, volume 1, pages 

343-345. 

Forts Jackson and St. Philip — Sunday, April 27, 1826, Con- 
federate army of 2,000 men surrendered, New Orleans taken. 
Americans attacked. Lossing's United States, page 610. 

Yorktown — Sunday, May 4, 1862, Yorktown taken, Con- 
federate army retreated and control of the Peninsula secured. 
Americans attacked. 

Fair Oaks (second day) — Srnday, June 1, 1862, left wing 
of McClellan's army saved from destruction. Americans at- 
tacked. McClellan's story, pages 382-383. 

Savage's Station — Sunday, June 29, 1862, McClellan's army 
saved from destruction and Union from overthrow. Battles and 
Leaders of Civil War, volume 2, page 405. 

South Mountain — Sunday, September 14, 1862, the Con- 
federates defeated; the Union saved from overthrow. Americans 
attacked. McClellan's Story, pages 584-614. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 57 

Fort Hindman — Sunday, January n, 1863, Confederate 
army of 5,000 men surrendered. Americans attacked. Loss- 
ing's United States, page 643. 

Black River Bridge — Sunday, May 17, 1863, Confederate 
army defeated. The lcgical outcome of this defeat was the fall 
of Vicksburg and surrender of the Confederate army of 31,000 
men. Grant, volume 1, page 524. 

Kearsarge and Alabama — Sunday, June 19, 1864, the Ala- 
bama destroyed. Americans attacked. Battles and Leaders of 
Civil War, vclume 4, page 614. 

Spottsylvania C. H. — Sunday, May 8, 1864, the Union 
saved from overthrow. Americans attacked. World for 1899, 
page 88; McClure's Magazine, May, 1898, page 35. 

Petersburg — Sunday, April 2, 1865, defeat and retreat of 
Confederate army; fall of Richmond. Americans attacked. 
World for 1894, page 87. 

Appomattox Court House — Sunday, April 9, 1865, surren- 
der of Confederate army of 27,000 men; end of the war of 1861. 
Americans attacked. Grant's Memoirs, vclume 2, pages 494- 

495- 

Manila Bay — Sunday, May I, 1898, Spanish fleet totally 

destroyed; virtual conquest of the Philippine. World for 1899, 

pages 64-88. 

Santiago Bay — Sunday, July 3, 1898, Spanish modern bat- 
tleship fleet totally destroyed; naval power of Spain crushed. 
World for 1899, pages 65-89. 

Sant'ago — Sunday, July 3; Sunday, July 10; Sunday, July 
17, 1898, first attack, final bombardment and surrender of San- 
tiago and the Spanish army of 24,500 men. World for 1899, 
pages 65-99. 

In the foregoing list of the "Thirty Great Battle Sabbaths," 
•etc., while I have given in each case a reference to some history 
or historical work wherein the dates of battles, etc., will be 
found, I have not undertaken to refer in detail to every page 
of a certain history which may contain an account of a certain 
event. It is expected, of course, that my readers will investigate 
to some extent for themselves. I can only furnish the key. 
To illustrate my meaning: I have given Sunday, May 17, 1863, 
as the date of the battle of Black River Bridge, and cited Grant's 
Memoirs, volume 1, page 524. I have also stated that the ulti- 



5 8 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

mate outcome of this battle was the fall of Vicksburg and the 
surrender of a Confederate army of 31,000 men. By means of 
the key furnished, let the reader investigate for himself as to 
the correctness of the last named proposition. 

ELEVEN ARMIES SURRENDER TO US— TEN ON 

SUNDAY, OR AS RESULT OF A SUNDAY 

BATTLE. 

In the following list I give no citations from histcry, for 
the reason that they have already been given in the "Thirty 
Great Battle Sabbaths of the Republic," except in the single- 
instance of the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. 

Saratoga — Friday, October 17, 1777, a British army of 7,00a 
men surrendered to the Americans — the logical result, really, 
of the battle of Bennington, fought on Saturday, August 16, 
1777, which was within the Sabbath time of at least forty-eight 
hours. The surrender itself, according to the theory of some 
that the Sabbath time is seventy-two hours, occurred within that 
time. Lossing's United States, page 281. 

Yorktown — Sunday, September 30, and Sunday, October 
14, 1781, as the result of hostile blow on the first date and battle- 
on the second, a British army of 8,503 men, including seamen,., 
surrendered to the Americans. 

Vera Cruz — Sunday, March 28, 1847, a Mexican army of 
5,000 men surrendered to the Americans. 

Monterey — Sunday, September 20, 1846, attack on Mon- 
terey, resulting in the surrender of a Mexican army of 9,500 
men to the Americans. 

Fort Donelson — Sunday, February 16, 1862, a Confederate- 
army of 14,700 surrendered to the Americans. 

Island No. 10 — Sunday, March 16, 1862, attack begun, re- 
sulting in the surrender of a Confederate army of 6,000 men to 
the Americans. 

Forts Jackson and St. Phillips — Sunday, April 27, 1862, a 
Confederate army of nearly 2,000 men surrendered to the Amer- 
icans. 

Fort Hindman — Sunday, January 11, 1863, a Confederate 
army of 5,030 men surrendered to the Americans. 

Black River Bridge — Sunday, May 17, 1863, battle fought,, 
the logical outcome of which was the surrender of a Confed- 



THE CARROLL THI«X>RY. 59 

erate army of 31,000 men at Vicksburg, July 4, 1863 — the sur- 
render itself, which occurred on Saturday, was clearly within 
the Sabbalh time of forty-eight hours. 

Appomattox Court House — Sunday, April 9, 1865, a Con- 
federate army of 27,000 men surrendered to the Americans. 

Santiago de Cuba — Sunday, July 3; Sunday, July 10, and 
Sunday, July 17, 1898; first and second bombardments on the 
first two dates and surrender July 17 of the Spanish army of 
24,500 men. 

Thus it will be seen that of the eleven armies, aggregating 
140,200 men, that have surrendered to us during our various 
wars, ten of these armies — 133,200 in all — have surrendered to 
us either on Sunday or as th eoutcome of a Sunday battle, fought 
wholly or begun on that day. 

FLEETS, ETC., CAPTURED OR DESTROYED RY THE 
AMERICANS ON SUNDAY. 

It must have occurred long before this to even the casual 
reader that I am placing before him a large array of most re- 
markable facts which cannot be disputed or denied in the light 
of history. 

There are other facts of a remarkable nature yet to come, 
and in connection with the data as to the surrender of armies 
I will now proceed to show that of the four fleets that have been 
captured or destroyed by Americans in war, three were cap- 
tured or destroyed on Sunday; that the other, the British fleet 
on Lake Erie, was taken by the Americans within the seventy- 
two hours which, according to the theory of some, constitutes 
the Sabbath time; and I will also show that during the Civil 
War the only two war vessels the Confederates had during the 
struggle that did anything of consequence on the offensive, were 
also destroyed or disabled on Sunday. 

/is in the case of armies surrendering, the source of my 
authority in history is given in the list of "Thirty Battle Sab- 
baths," etc., and need not be repeated here. In reference to the 
British fleet on Lake Erie, however, authority is cited. 

Lake Erie — Friday, September 10, 1813, a British fleet or 
squadron surrendered to the Americans. Lossing's United^ 
States, page 420. 



60 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Lake Champlain — Sunday, September n, 1814, a British 
fleet surrendered to the Americans. 

Manila Bay — Sunday, May i, 1898, a Spanish fleet de- 
stroyed by the Americans. 

Santiago Bay — Sunday, July 3, 1898, a Spanish modern 
battleship fleet destroyed by the Americans. 

Monitor-Merrimac— Sunday, March 9, 1862, the Confed- 
erate iron-clad Merrimac defeated by the iron-clad Monitor, and 
so badly crippled that it was no longer of any great service to 
the Confederates, and at length destroyed by them. 

Kearsarge- Alabama — Sunday, June 19, 1864; as the result 
of the naval battle (off the French coast) between the Kearsarge 
and Alabama the latter was sunk by her antagonist. 

THE UNION FOUR TIMES SAVED FROM OVER- 
THROW ON SUNDAY. 

To keep within my prescribed limits, it will be impossible 
to enter into details so far as what is yet to come is concerned. 
I must confine myself to a mere synoptical statement of facts. 

What is meant by the term "overthrow of the Union?'' It 
is simply this — I speak of what it meant in 1861-1865 — that were 
a peace to be concluded on such terms, that there would be two 
governments exercising jurisdiction in this land of ours, where, 
up to that time, there had been but one, then the Union would 
have been destroyed. That would have been an overthrow of 
the Union. 

Historians and others have paid but meagre attention to 
the question as to how often the Union was near the end of its 
undivided existence during the Civil War, but that does not 
matter here and now. I formulate my own opinions and while 
they may not be unchallenged, I have no doubt but what an 
investigation and consideration of them by these competent to 
judge will demonstrate their correctness in all material points. 

From the time that two great armies stood opposing each 
other in Virginia, the Federal Capital behind one and the Con- 
federate Capital in the rear of the other, there never was a day 
during the war of 1861-1865 when the destruction of either one 
of these hostile armies would not have meant the fall of the 
cause which it represented. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 6 I 

Th^ sequel proves this. When the Confederate army sur- 
rendered at Appomattox, the Southern Confederacy fell with it, 
and had the Union army been destroyed at any time during 
the four years of that struggle, the Union would have fallen with 
it; that is to say, the destruction cf the army would have been 
followed by a peace with two geve nments, when there had been 
but one before. 

There were six occasions during the war of 1861-1865 when 
the fate of the Union depended upon the outcome of a single' 
battle and a single day. It was my fortune, or misfortune, to be 
personally present on four of these occasions. Four times the 
Union was saved from overthrow on Sunday, and twice on other 
days — once on Wednesday and once on Saturday, which was 
within the Sabbath time of forty-eight hours. 

SAVAGE'S STATION. 

The battle of Savage's Station was fought on Sunday, June- 
29, 1862, the great crisis day of the Seven Days' fight. Gen. 
Sherman, with 30,000 men — the then left wing of Mc-Clellan's 
army, and having through inadvertence on the part of some- 
body been abandoned by another corps — had been left in a peril- 
ous position. Had he been disastrously defeated, that wing of 
thje army would have been destroyed, and the balance of the 
Union army would have met the same fate on Monday, and had 
that army fallen, the Union would have fallen with it. 

General Longstreet, whom many claim was the ablest mili- 
tary genius produced by the South during the war, says, (vol- 
ume 2, page 405, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War): "Hem- 
zelman (a corps commander) crossed the White Oak swamp 
prematurely and left the rear of McClellan's army exposed,, 
which would have been fatal had Jackson come up and taken 
part with Magruder in the battle of Savage's Station, June 29,. 
1862." 

SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 

On Sunday, September 14, 1862, the battle of South Moun- 
tain was fought, on which occasion had we been defeated the 
Union would have been lost. Washington would, no doubt,. 
have been taken. In fact, both Lincoln and Halleck gave Wash- 
ington up as lost, according to McClellan, who says on page 



6z THE CARROLL THEORY. 

535 of McCkllan's Story, that they bcth protested to him that 
the city could not be saved, but he thought differently. 

After Ant'etam, where what we did at South Mountain had 
to be done over again, McClellan wrote — page 614, McClellan's 
Story: "I have the satisfaction of knowing that God, in His 
mercy, has a second time made me the instrument of saving the 
nation/' Undoubtedly McClellan had reference to South Moun- 
tain and Antietam. 

I shall not soon forget the words — prophetic words — of 
Gen. Brooks, as the Union lines pushed up the rugged slope of 
South Mountain at Crampton's Pass that eventful Sunday. 
Ahead of the line of battle, with sword in one hand and leading 
his old gray war-horse with the other, he exclaimed: 

"Right up here! Right up! Every man up the mountain. 
'Tis victory or the Union goes. God is fighting on our side 
today." 

CHANCELLORSVILLE. 

The Union was twice saved from overthrow, and our army 
twice saved from virtual, if not complete, destruction at Chan- 
cellorsville. As to that which occurred on the first day of the 
britltl^, May 2, 1863, reference will be made to it ;elsewhere in 
this little book, but the last day of the battle, Sunday, May 3, 
1863, will receive brief attention here as being one of the occa- 
sions when the Union was saved on the Sabbath day. 

It ?is singular how many people there are who are not at 
all familiar with our American war history, and that fact makes 
my task all the more difficult in giving, as I must give, many 
facts pertaining to it. 

There are none, however, who are familiar with the accounts 
given in history of the great battle of Chancellorsville who do 
not appreciate the fact that the Union army was in great peril 
on both days of tnat battle. 

The march of Hooker from Germania and Ely's Fords of 
the Rapidan River on Chancellorsville was, in a certain sense, a 
"turning" movement and uncovered the United States Ford 
on the Rappahannock, but, as the sequel showed, it compelled 
Hooker to fight a battle with a virtually impassable river in his 
rear — for at that season the river could not be crossed without 
pontoons — always hazardous in war. As to what else contrib- 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 63 

uted to render the position of our army one of peril, I have but 
little to say. Hooker has been criticised for his management, 
but I will not allude to such matters here, nor write disparag- 
ingly of Hooker, long since gone, for — ■ 

"As man may, he fought this fight, 

Proved his truth by his endeavor; 
Let him sleep in solemn night, 

bleep forever and forever." 

I will only say that by the middle of the afternoon on that 
eventful Sunday, our army, as the result of various complica- 
tions, among which might be mentioned the temporary disabling 
of General Hcoker, so that he was obliged to turn over the com- 
mand of the armv to Couch, our army was in a very perilous 
situation, and had it not been for the splendid fighting done by 
Hancock and his division, and the prompt action of General 
Couch as soon as he succeeded to the command, the Union 
army would have gone to pieces at Chancellorsville, and the 
Union would have gone to pieces with it. 

In reference to the serious nature of the situation, I quote 
from General Couch, volume 3, page 170, Battles and Leaders 
of the Civil War: 

"No time was to lost, as only Hancock's division now held 
Lee's army," and on page 182 of the same volume, General 
Pleasanton says, speaking of the new position of our army, 
taken after Couch took command: "This line presented a front 
to the enemy that could not be enfiladed or turned. Desultory 
fighting, especially with artillery, was kept up on the 4th of May, 
but Hooker's battle ended on the 3d, after the army had gained 
its new position." 

SPOTTSYLVANIA. 

On Sunday, Mav 8, 1864, the battle of Spottsylvania Court 
House began. The echo of the last gun of the great struggle 
of the Wilderness had not yet died away before the booming of 
Grant's artillerv was heard on the Po River. 

As first it might seem to the reader a wild statement to 
make, but I assert that the left flank movement made by General 
Xjrant, by which he not only turned Lee out of his strong posi- 
tion in the Wilderness and renewed the struggle twenty miles 
further south on the direct road to Richmond, saved the Union 
from dismemberment. 



64 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Let us glance at the situation. 

For more tiian three long years the loyal North had been? 
essaying in vain to conquer the rebellion. True, the Confed- 
eracy had been cut in two by the fall of Vicksburg, and might 
fall in time if the North could continue to hold up beneath the 
gigantic strain to which it was subjected. The war expenses 
were constantly getting heavier and heavier, until in the spring 
of 1864 they amounted in round figures to $4,000,000 per day. 
Realizing that the nation could not long endure this strain, and 
that at the first great disaster or even serious check to our arms 
there would be such a reaction in public sentiment throughout 
the North as would force the government to make peace with 
the South, the Lincoln administration resolved to stake every- 
thing on one great, giant-like effort to crush the South in a 
single campaign. General Grant was called from the West,, 
made Lieutenant General and placed at the head of all the 
armies, but personally assumed command of the army of the 
Potomac, Meade being!* nominally in charge, but in reality only 
second in command. 

Under Grant's command the army of the Potomac was 
recruited and reinforced until 116,000 men, with 500 pieces of 
artillery, were marshalled in the vicinity of Culpepper Court 
House and Brandy Station, ready to move as soon as the word 
was given. 

When that great army broke camp and pushed for the 
Wilderness, the eyes of the whole North were turned in that 
direction, and people everywhere recognized that the time had 
come when nothing but victory would save the cause of the 
Union. And when the news was flashed all over the land that 
the great struggle was on in the Wilderness, anxiety, despond- 
ency and gloom were prevalent on every hand. It is said that 
for two nights Mr. Lincoln never closed his eyes in sleep, and 
men high in official station whispered to each othef that if Grant 
was defeated or even checked on the Rapidan, all was lost. 

At length the news came that Grant had thrown Lee out 
of the Wilderness, and that the struggle had been renewed, as 
has already been stated, at Spottsylvania, twenty miles further 
south, on the direct road to Richmond. The Union was safe,, 
never again to be put in peril during that war. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 65 

It is unfortunate that our "regular" historians pay so little 
attention to events which have had such an important bearing 
on the fortunes of our country. I do not know that any of them 
have ever given this matter a single thought. Other writers 
have, however. General Horace Porter — although I am not 
able at this time to either quote his exact words or to refer to 
the publication or article in which they appeared — has alluded 
to this matter 1 bout as has been stated here, and the late Charles 
A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War at that time, in an article 
which appeared in McClure's Magazine for May, 1898, page 35, 
said, in speaking of General Meade: 

"Meade was very much disturbed by a letter published in a 
Cincinnati paper, saying that after the battle of the Wilderness 
he counseled retreat — a course which would have destroyed the 
nation." 

Speaking of what followed after the main fight in the Wil- 
derness was over, Boyd, in his Life of General Grant, says (pages 
258-259-: 

"What should be done now? To retain that position was 
useless. It was no part of Grant's plan to remain idle. He had 
set his head toward Richmond. He must not give Lee a chance 
to escape him, nor to out-manoeuver him. He must not be 
thrown on the defensive. * * * * He would again # draw 
Lee from his stronghold in the Wilderness and along Mine Run 
and thus neutralize his natural advantage of position. It was 
a bold scheme and full of danger. * * * * The orders for 
this gigantic and perilous movement went forth at 3 p. m. of 
May 7." 

Grant himself, who has little or nothing to say as to the 
effect any of his movements or battles might have on the issue 
of peace or war, says only (page 211, volume 1, Grant's Me- 
moirs : 

"I did not want Lee to get back to Richmond in time to 
crush Butler before I could get there. * * * I wanted to 
get between his army and Richmond, if possible, and if not to 
draw him into the open field." 

A singular fact in history is mentioned by General Grant, 
pages 211-212 of the volume alluded to, which it may not be 
oue of place to mention here. He says: 

"But Lee, by accident, beat us to Spottsylvania. * * * 
Accordingly, he (Lee) ordered Longstreet's corps — now com- 
manded by Anderson — to move, in the morning (of the 8th), 
—5 



66 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

to Spottsylvania. But the woods being still on fire, Anderson 
could not go into bivouac and marched directly on to his desti- 
nation that night. By this accident, Lee got possession of 
Spottsylvania. It is impossible to say now what would have 
been the result if Lee's orders had been obeyed as given, but 
it is certain that we should have been in Spottsylvania and be- 
tween him and his capital." 

Whatever ma^ be thought in regard to the matter now, 
the inevitable verdict of history will be, that the masterly gen- 
eralship of U. S. Grant, which culminated in the commencement 
of that great battle at Spottsylvania on Sunday, May 8, 1864, 
saved the Union from overthrow. 

A DIGRESSION. 

At the risk cf perhaps merited criticism, I diverge from my 
subject for a moment to place on record a fact or two in the 
way of personal recollections of some of the great events just 
related. 

As stated elsewhere, I was present on four of the six occa- 
sions when the Union was saved from overthrow, and many 
times the thought has occurred, when attending a theater 
or looking at the work of some eminent artist, how little 
is the resemblance between that which is acted and painted 
and that which actuallv happens. 

I have mentioned Sumner at Savage's Station, the turning 
point of the Seven Davs' fight. The artists have pictured Sum- 
ner leading the decisive charge of the day on a foaming black 
steed, with uplifted sword, with the enemy swarming upon him 
on one side and the Union lines closing up and coming on just 
behind him. His look was fierce and his eyes flashed fire — 
in fact his appearance grand and imposing to the last degree. 
What were the facts. We all saw Sumner at least twice on that 
day — once as the cry was raised, "We're all right; the Old Man 
Sumner is with us!" rang along the line. Looking in the direc- 
tion indicated by the shouts and cheers, I saw Sumner riding 
quietly along among tne troops, smoking a pipe, which had a 
stem at least two feet in length. He rode a little distance to the 
rear, dismounted, threw himself down under the shade of a tree 
and was soon asleep. 

When the enemy advanced and the battle was on in all its 
fury, Sumner awoke, mounted his horse and rode at once right 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 67 

through the lines of his own men, and discovering that the situa- 
tion was critical, pulled off the old slouch hat he was wearing, 
shook it in the teeth of the enemy, and then swinging it over 
his head, dashed toward the enemy, followed by the Union line 
of battle. 

I never could quite understand why Sumner was not killed 
that day — the reason, perhaps, is that the reality did not come 
quite up to the nicture. 

I have mentioned Brooks at South Mountain, and although 
ihere are no pictures extant of him leading a charge up the 
mountain, it is probable that should one be made, or painted, it 
would represent him in about the same light as the one of Sum- 
ner at Savage's Station. Brooks, as heretofore stated, ex- 
claimed: "God is fighting on our side today," and one who did 
not know would suppose that the old general was somewhat of 
a religious turn of mind, but when his old gray charger got away 
from him, and struck back down the mountain that day, the 
•old man swore not only at the horse but at everything else in 
sight. 

During the Peninsula campaign the boys used to say: "They 
ought to put Old Brooks in command of the army. All we will 
3ir<ve to do, then, will be to get up within three or four miles 
of Richmond, near enough to let the Johnnies hear the old man 
swear, and they'll skedaddle in a hurry." 

Both Sumner and Brooks were gray-haired men, the former 
64 years of age. At Antietam, w r hen Smith's division, to which 
I belonged, was going forward on the charge over the ground 
from which Hooker and Sedgwick and Greene had been driven, 
there rode for a short distance in our midst an old, white-haired 
man, whom I suppose to have been General Joseph K. Mans- 
field, and who, pointing toward the enemy, exclaimed: "Go on, 
boys, we will meet them there!" The appearance of this old 
man, together with his w T ords, had an inspiring effect on the 
troops. 

So long as memory retains its hold, I shall not forget those 
three white-haired men whom I saw on three of those days when 
the Union was saved from overthrow, because victory made its 
bivouac with us when the sun went down. 

At Spottsylvania, or, rather, during the movement of 



68 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Grant's army toward that place, on Sunday morning, May 8 V 
1864, Grant giving his orders at the head of his army, has been 
pictured very much after the style of Napoleon at Austerlitz. 
Another greatly overdrawn work of art. Grim, silent, as mo- 
tionless as a statue and, as we all agreed at that time, wearing- 
an ordinary soldier's overcoat, with no insignia of his rank to 
be seen, he turned his horse's head toward Spottsylvania, and 
yet that turning of the head of that war-horse toward the Po 
River meant the salvation of the Union, the fall of the Southern 
Confederacy and the old flag floating once more over an undi- 
vided Republic. 

THREE SUNDAY REVERSES THAT WERE WORTH 
MORE TO AMERICA THAN VICTORIES. 

In three instances we have met with so-called reverses on 
Sunday that have been, in two cases at least, worth more 
than a dozen victories to us, and on the third occasion the sup- 
posed reverse, or defeat, was of vast benefit to the Union cause,, 
although we could not see the matter in this light at the time, 
and there will no doubt be many who will not concede the point 
at this time. 

SUMTER. 

On Sunday, April 14, 1861, the American flag was furled. 
and the Federal troops, under Major Anderson, evacuated Fort 
Sumter. There was no surrendering either of Fort Sumter or 
of the handful of men who held it for two days under the terrific 
bombardment on the part of the Confederates, which was begun 
April 12, 1 86 1. 

While it is scarcely necessary to quote from history as to- 
the date of the evacuation of Sumter, yet I will refer the reader 
to Lossing's United States, page 553, or any other history of 
the United States which comes down this side of the Civil War. 

The world has never yet witnessed such a spectacle as was- 
that of the uprising of the great North when the word came that 
our flag had been furled and Sumter evacuated in consequence- 
of the Confederate bombardment. Party lines all over the 
North were shattered in a single day, and the North arose in 
its might as one man and resolved that the Union should be 
preserved. 1 In a single day that blow made of us a great and 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 69 

powerful nation, where before we had been faltering and unde- 
cided. 

I do not think there are any very considerable number of 
people in this country today who will not concede that Sumter, 
and all that it then implied, was worth more to the Union cause 
than a dozen, or even a score, of victories would have been. 

BULL RUN. 

The first battle of Bull Run, fought on Sunday, July 21 , 
1861, was also worth more to the Union cause than a dozen 
victories would have been. Victories at the beginning of the 
war would have thrown the North off its guard, and would have 
led to disasters later on. 

Politicians and newspapers promptly assumed control at 
the outset, and assumed to command armies and dictate what 
.should be done, whereas they were totally ignorant of the first 
rudiments of war. It was assumed that it was only necessary to 
push forward to Manassas, fight a battle, destroy the Confed- 
erate army, and the work was done. It was absolutely necessary 
that some seemingly great disaster should occur to enable the 
people of the North to realize that they had a great war on their 
hands, and that a war must be fought out on military, instead 
of political lines. Members of Congress, even, as well as people 
in all departments of life, the highest and the lowest, talked wisely 
of the situation, and there were none so dull but what they could 
tell just how the rebellion could be put down. 

A member of Congress from New York came out to Mc- 
Clellan's camp even after Bull Run, and explained that if the 
army of the Potomac would go down to Fortress Monroe and 
then "strike from there right up the other side of the Little 
Norfolk, so as to get away in behind the whole outfit," the war 
Avould be over in two weeks. Just where the "Little Norfolk" 
was he did not seem to know, but we were all at first consid- 
erably impressed with the idea, and for a few days some of us 
at least, considered the Little Norfolk, wherever or whatever it 
might be, as the key to the whole military situation. 

In response to the clamor for an advance, the army under 
.McDowell at length marched out and fought the battle of Bull 
Run, but came back from there, as might have been expected, 
totally demoralized and disorganized. Then came the second 



h q THE Cx^RROLL THEORY. 

great awakening of the North — an awakening to organization,, 
to preparation, to discipline and to a realizing sense of the true 
situation. From that moment we went to work systematically 
to put down the rebellion, and succeded at last. 

Bull Run was a fortunate thing for us, but unfortunate for 
the South. 

Pollard, the Southern historian, says on page 152 of his 
Lost Cause: 

"The victory of Manassas (Bull Run) proved the greatest 
misfortune that could have befallen the Confederacy," and on 
the next page says: "The world was to be astonished soon to 
find the North more united than ever in the prosecution of the- 
contest.'' 

SECOND DAY AT CHICKAMAUGA. 

Sunday, September 20, 1863, was the last day of the battle- 
of Chickamauga, at the conclusion of which our army fell back 
to the vicinity of Chattanooga, where it was eventually practi- 
cally besieged by Bragg and reduced almost to starvation, until 
the coming of Grant, who assumed command and eventually 
brought order out of chaos, after which he fought and totally; 
defeated the Confederates and drcve them southward. 

While I cculd quote from history in regard to the matter. 
I do not deem it necessary to do so, and will only say that had 
we been victorious at Chickamauga, Rsecrans would have re- 
mained in command of our a* my at Chattanooga, "the Western 
army," as it was usually called, and instead of the campaign 
against and capture of Atlanta, in 1864, and its sequel Sherman's 
"march to the s:a," there would have been a campaign under 
Rosecrans, indecisive in results, and the final triumph of the Union 
cause would have been delayed, and perhaps that triumph would 
not haVe come at all, for it must be remembered that it was 
Grant's wonderful campaign, as the successor of Rosecrans at 
Chattanooga, that placed him at the head of all the armies of" 
the Union, and when those armies passed under the control of 
Grant, the master, they marched everywhere to ultimate victory. 

In reference to the date of the battle of Chickamauga, see 
World Book of Facts, page 96. 

This takes me through that branch of my subject which 
relates to the great eventfulness of Sunday as a war day im 
American history. I believe that the readers of this little book 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 7 I 

will unhesitatingly agree with me that "the Sabbath has been 
a four- fold more eventful war day in American h'stcry than all 
other days of the week combined." 

PROVIDENTIAL PROTECTION. 

I now enter upon a new branch of my subject, that of dem- 
onstrating from history that the United States has been semi- 
miraculously shielded from great peril on many occasions, that 
our armies in the Revolutionary War were singularly rescued 
from impending destruction, that in five other was they have 
been blest with continuous victo/ies from the beginning to the 
end of each, and that in various instances the nation has been 
preserved from peril, great disaster and perhaps dismemberment 
and destruction through the agency of one man. 

The purpose now is to verify that part of my theory which 
asserts that our countrv, like the Jewish nation of old, has been 
the object of especial favor emanating from Divinity itself. 

This branch of the subject will be briefly referred to under 
four heads: "National Sovereignty Through Cyclonic Agencies 
at Windsor, Vermont;" "The Seven Storms;" "The Seven 
Wardens," and "Five Wars of Continuous American Victories." 
While many dates are yet to be given, the particular day of the 
week will not be material, and no specific allusion will be made 
to that matter. 

NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH CYCLONIC 
AGENCIES AT WINDSOR, VERMONT. 

It has not escaped the attention of the student of American 
history that what is now the State of Vermont, but then known 
as the "New Hampshire Grant," occupied a singular position 
during the Revolutionary War in reference and in its relation 
to the "Thirteen Colonies." Vermont was not one of those colo- 
nies. It stood alone by itself, and yet espoused the American 
cause, striking the first blow of the war; later on another blow, 
which turned the tide in our favor, and continuing until the war 
ended, to uphold the American cause at every hazard. 

Because of the fact that some of the states adjoining claimed 
jurisdiction over her, Vermont set them all virtually at defiance, 
and eventually organized a government of her own, adopted a 
constitution wherein the very first article contained an "eman- 



y 2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

cipation a.t and proclamation combined," the first ever for- 
mulated or issued in America, and by its terms the unlimited 
powers of a genuine national sovereignty were conferred upon 
the people of the state. 

In other 'words, in the year 1777 Vermont became an inde- 
pendent sovereign nation, and so continued to be for fourteen 
years, until she joined the Federal Union in 1791. 

It was because Vermont possessed and exercised absolute 
sovereign power, a power which the government of the Thirteen 
Colonies did not possess, that John Stark was enabled to strike 
that awful blow at Bennington which proved to be the death 
warrant of Burgoyne's army, the surrender of which led to the 
French alliance and the ultimate independence of America. 

It was only by exercising the right of confiscation, one of 
the most grave and dangerous attributes of sovereign power, 
that Vermont was able to raise, arm and equip a regiment of 
"Green Mountain Boys " for the field, which fact, and in fulfill- 
ment of her promise to that effect, induced New Hampshire to 
send over her militia, and with these two bodies of troops com- 
bined Stark made his march to Bennington. 

This sovereign power then possessed by Vermont was con- 
ferred upon it by a constitution adopted by a delegate conven- 
tion of the people of the state at Windsor, Vermont, July 8, 
1/7/. Vermont Statutes, page 51. 

While the convention which adopted this constitution was 
engaged in reading it for the last time, and before it had been 
voted on, the news came that Burgoyne's army was marching 
southward and that the great body of Indians who were allies 
of the British general were about to be turned loose on the 
frontier of the state. Consternation and dismay spread on every 
hand, and without concluding its labors the convention sus- 
pended its labors and were ready for instant adjournment, when 
they were prevented from so doing by a remarkable and well- 
nigh appalling incident. 

I quote from The Rangers, as before explained an historical 
story (lately reproduced by some of the Vermont papers as 
being reliable history so far as the author purports to give it), 
unquestioned in its statements of history. 

I quote from pages 5-6, volume 2: 

"A majority of the members began to press eagerly for an 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



73 



mnned'iate adjournment. But while a few of the members, shar- 
ing less in the general agitation or being more deeply impressed 
with the importance of accomplishing at this time an object now 
so nearly attained, were attempting to resist the current and 
prevent any action on the motion to adjourn till time was gained 
lor reflection, an unwonted darkness, as if by the special inter- 
position of Providence, suddenly fell upon the earth. The light- 
ning began to gleam through the dark and threatening masses 
of cloud that had enveloped the sky, and the long, deep roll of 
thunder was heard in different quarters of the heavens, giving 
•warning of the severe and protracted tempest which soon burst 
over them with a furv that precluded all thought of venturing 
abroad. The prospect of being thus confined to the place for 
some hours, and perhaps the whole day, taking from those mov- 
ing it all inclination for an immediate adjournment, they now 
"began to take a cooler view of the situation and soon, by com- 
mon consent, the business on hand was resumed. The reading 
of the constitution was finished, and while the storm was still 
■howling around and the thunder breaking over them, that instru- 
ment was adopted and became the supreme law of the land." 

Thus it was as other histories relate, also, that the State of 
Vermont, which had already declared its independence (see Stat- 
utes of Vermont, 1894, page 51), became invested with the full 
powers of a sovereign nation. 

As to the important bearing this event had on the destinies 
•of America, I again quote from the same authority, page 20: 

"The independence of the colonies was at that dark crisis 
"balancing as on a pivot, and the success of Burgoyne must seem- 
ingly have turned the scale against us. The success of Bur- 
.goyne at the same time hung on a pivot, also, and the victory 
of Bennington, with all its numberless direct and indirect con- 
sequences, as now seems generally conceded, turned the scale 
of his fortunes, when his success otherwise could scarcely have 
."been doubted. But the victory at Bennington would never 
liave been achieved but for the decided and energetic move- 
ment of Vermont, which alone secured the co-operation of New 
Hampshire, or at least insured victory otherwise, no battle 
would have been hazarded." 

THE SEVEN STORMS. 

Without comment or anything more than a mere synop- 
tical statement of the facts as disclosed in history, I will now 
proceed to show how, seven times during the war of the Revo- 
lution, the American army was either saved from complete de- 



7 4 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

struction or from great disaster by the intervention of the ele- 
ments — the sudden appearance and power of the "Storm King/' 

BOSTON HARBOR. 

Early . in the Revolutionary War, as has already been ex- 
plained in another portions of this little book, Washington 
threw forward a portion of his army and seized Dorchester 
Heights — the preliminary step toward driving the British fleet, 
and army from Boston. 

On page 247, Lossing's United States, the following is 
found : 

"Perceiving the imminent peril of both fleet and army,. 
General Howe prepared an expedition to drive the Americans 
from this vantage ground on Dorchester Heights. A storm 
suddenly arose and made the harbor impassable. The delay 
allowed the patriots to make the Heights almost impregnable, 
and the British were soon compelled either to surrender as pris- 
oners of war or to evacuate the city immediately to avoid de- 
struction." 

RETREAT OF THE AMERICANS FROM LONG 

ISLAND. 

The battle of Long Island, as it is sometimes called in his- 
tory, was a disastrous one for the Americans. They were 
largely outnumbered, and the result was such that it imperiled 
the whole army on the Long Island shore. There was but one 
chance for us, and that was to escape across the channel. This 
however, was filled with British men-of-war, and an escape 
seemed impossible. The British, happi'y, delayed renewing 
their attack on the Americans for some reason. 

Lossing says on page 251 of his History of the United 
States: 

"This delay alloweel Washington time to form and execute 
a plan for the salvation of the remainder of his army, now too 
weak to resist an assault with any hope of success. Under 
cover of a heavy fog, which fell upon the hostile camps at mid- 
night of the 29th (August, 1776,) he silently withdrew his army 
from the camp and, unperceived by the British, they all crossed 
over to New York in safety. Surely if the stars in their courses 
fought against Sisera (ludges 5:20) in the time of Deborah, the 
wings of the Cherubim of Mercy and Hope were over the Amer- 
icans on this occasion." 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 75 

A very singular incident attending this historic event is 
given in a foot-note on the page already cited. 

"During" the night a woman living near the present Fulton 
Ferry, where the Americans embarked (in boats), having become 
offended at some of the patriots, sent a negro servant to inform 
the British of the movement. The negro fell into the hands of 
the Hessians. They could not understand a word of his lan- 
guage and detained him until so late in the morning that his 
information was of no avail.'' 

SECOND TRENTON. 

On page 268, Lossing's History of the United States, the 
following appears in regard to Second Trenton: 

"lhe situation of Washington and his little army was now 
perilous in the extreme. Conflict with such an overwhelming 
force as was now gathering appeared hopeless, and the Dela- 
ware becoming more obstructed by ice every hour (January 21, 
1777), rendered a retreat across it in the event of a surprise 
almost impossible. A retreat down the river was equally peril- 
ous. An escape under cover of the night was the only chance 
of safety, but the ground was too soft to allow the patriots to 
draw their heavy cannons with them, and could they withdraw 
unobserved bv the British sentinels, whose hourly cry could be 
heard from the camp? This w T as a question of deep moment, 
and there was no time for long deliberation. A higher will than 
that of man's determined the matter. The Protector of the 
Righteous put forth His hand. While a council was in session, 
towards midnight, the wind changed and the ground was soon 
so hard frozen that there could be no difficulty in conveying 
away the cannons. Instantly all w r as activity. Washington 
silently withdrew with all his army, artillery and baggage." 

MORGAN'S ARMY SAVED AT THE CATAWBA. 

Lossing's United States, page 332: 

"The British were defeated (at Cowpens). * * * When 
the battle was ended, Morgan pushed forward with his prisoners, 
intending to cross the Catawba. * * * Cornwallis started 
in pursuit as scon as he heard of the defeat of Tarleton. * * 
and hastened, with his whole army, toward the Catawba to inter- 
cept Morgan. But he was too late. He did not reach the river 
until in the evening, two hours after Morgan had crossed. 
Feeling confident of his prey, he deferred his passage of the 
stream until morning. A heavy rain during the night filled the 
river to its brim, and while the Brit'sh were detained by the 
flood, Morgan had reached the Yadkin River, where he was 
joined by General Greene and his escorts." 



76 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

GREENE'S ARMY AT THE YADKIN. 

Lossing's United States, page 332: 

"One of the most remarkable military movements on record 
now occurred. It was the retreat of the American army under 
Greene through North Carolina into Virginia. When the 
waters of the Catawba subsided, the next day, Cornwallis 
crossed and resumed the pursuit. He reached the western 
banks of the Yadkin on the 3d of February (1781), just as the 
Americans were safely across on the eastern shore. There he 
was again arrested in his course by a sudden swelling of the 
flcods." 

GREENE'S ARMY AT THE DAN RIVER. 

Lossing's United States, page 332: 

"Onward the patriots pressed, and soon again Cornwallis 
was in full chase. At Guilford C. H., Greene was joined by his 
main body from Cheraw, but still continued the retreat, for 
they were not strong enough to turn and fight. After many 
^hardships and narrow escapes during the retreat, the Americans 
reached the Dan River on the 13th of February (1781) and 
crossed its rising- waters safely into the friendly bosom of Hali- 
fax county, Virginia. 

"When Cornwallis arrived a few hours later, the stream 
\v?vS too much swollen to allow him to cross. For the third 
time the waters, as if governed by a special Providence, inter- 
posed a barrier between the pursuers and the pursued. Morti- 
fied and dispirited, Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit." 

THE STORM KING AT YORKTOWN. 

As a last resort at the siege of Yorktown, and after the 
capture by the Americans of the two redoubts (Sunday, October 
14, 1781), Cornwallis made an unsuccessful attempt to escape 
with his army across tne York River. 

Lossing says, page 341, History of the United States: 

''Despairing of aid from Clinton, Cornwallis attempted to 
^scape on the night of the 16th to Gloucester Point. When the 
van of his trooos embarked, the waters of the York River were 
perfectly calm, although dark clouds were gathering on the 
horizon. Then a storm arose as sudden and as fearful as a 
summer tornado, dispersed the boats, compelled many to put 
back, and the attempt was abandoned. Hope now failed." 

Lossing seems to have been almost the only American his- 
torian that has paid any attention to these strangely remarkable 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 77 

facts in our history, though some of these incidents are men- 
tioned by other writers. 

Like Josephus, who was impressed with the idea that there 
was something Providential in the fact that the uprising irt 
Caesarea occurred on the same day and hour of the attack made 
by the Jews on the Roman soldiers at Jerusalem, Lossing seems 
to have realized, or thought, that Providence had much, if not 
all, to do with these remarkable events just related. 
THE SEVEN WARDENS. 

While not strictly appropriate, I make use cf the word' 
"Wardens" here as applicable to noted men well known in his- 
tory, each of whom at some time and in some way has warded 
off some great peril which threatened our nation, and which, 
had it not been averted, might, and in some instances surely 
would, have hopelessly wrecked the Republic. Seven men,, 
whose names every American is, or should be, familiar with,, 
some of them, unknown to themselves and even unwillingly, 
have, as I believe, been the human instrumentalities through 
whom that Providence which rules all nations has wrought a 
mighty work in our behalf. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

Without any reference to what Washington did as a great 
leader, general, and executive head cf the nation after independ- 
ence had been achieved, I call attention here to one incident 
only in which Washington appears as the great, grand, incor- 
ruptible patriot, who spurned with contempt an offer, the accept- 
ance of which would have been the betrayal of American liberty. 

W T hile the historians have little to say, most of them nothing 
to say, concerning it, the fact is nevertheless well and unques- 
tionably established that at the close of the Revolutionary War 
a scheme was devised by certain prominent Americans, among- 
whom w T ere some of Washington's officers, to make of the Thir- 
teen Colonies a kingdom, with Washington as the first king. 
With indignation and sorrow Washington rejected this propo- 
sition to place a royal crown upon his head. 

Had he been favorable to the plan, there can be little doubt 
of its success, and his rejection of the dazzling offer was the 
preservation of republican liberty. As to the fact I have men- 
tioned, see Scudder's Life of Washington, pages 205-206. 



*j$ THE CARROLL THEORY. 

FRANKLIN HOLDS THE CONVENTION TOGETHER. 

No American will fail to realize the fact that had the conven- 
tion which eventually gave us our present Constitution of the 
United States been broken up or dissolved of its own accord 
without completing the work entrusted to it by the American 
people, the consequences would probably have been fatal, and 
the Thirteen Colonies would have continued to drift apart, and 
such a thing as the present Federal Union might never have 
been. 

On page 359, Lossing's United States, it will be seen that 
in the Constitutional Convention "some proposed a final ad- 
journment," and from other historical sources we find that there 
was no doubt of the fact that the convention was on the eve 
of dissolution, when, as we find on the page alluded to, Franklin 
arose and addressed the convention. Under the head of "Basis 
of the Theory," I have given, in part, the speech made on this 
occasion, in which he proposed that prayers should thereafter 
be offered in the convention, and while it does not seem that his 
proposition was sustained, there is enough appearing in history 
to show that Franklin, and Franklin alone, by his works, his 
counsel and his example succeeded in holding the convention 
together when it was about to adjourn sine die without com- 
pleting its work. 

TOUSSAINT L'OVERTURE. 

That Touissaint L'Overture, the "Napoleon of San Do- 
mingo," one of the greatest heroes in all history, a man who 
never set foot in this country, nor, indeed, anywhere on the con- 
tinent itself, should have shielded this country from one of the 
greatest perils that ever hung over it, will scarcely be denied 
by those familiar with history, while, on the other hand, thou- 
sands and thousands of Americans will tell you, "Why, who is 
Toussaint L'Overture? we never heard of him before." 

Chambers' Encyclopedia, volume 7, page 685: 

"Toussaint Francis Dominique, surnamed L'Overture, was 
lx>rn at Buda, St. Domingo, in 1743. His father and mother 
both were African slaves." 

Later on, after referring to events of great importance in 
the island of San Domingo, the same authority says, on the 
page already given: 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 79 

"Shortly after this event General Maitland, the British com- 
mander, surrendered to him (Toussaint) all the strong places 
which he had hitherto held in the island. This was followed, in 
1801, by the submission of the Spanish forts. The whole of St. 
Domingo was then under the rule of Toussaint. His sway 
was vigorous and upright, and the agriculture and trade of the 
island both flourished under him." 

Following the above, it is related that Napoleon Bonaparte 
issued a proclamation re-establishing slavery in San Domingo, 
which the French still continued to claim as part of their domain. 
This brought on the struggle in that island which, in time, re- 
sluted in the fall and captivity of Toussaint, who died a prisoner 
in Paris, April 2.7, 1803. 

It was this stubborn fight made by Toussaint in San Do- 
mingo, by which the French fleet and army, on its way to take 
possession of Louisiana was delayed, that a Napoleonic empire 
was prevented from rising in America, which, established, as 
it would have been right by our side, would have placed our 
very existence as a nation in the utmost peril. 

Louisiana came into the hands of Napoleon through a secret 
treaty made in 1800, and we, as Americans, knew nothing of the 
great danger which threatened us until the great fight made by 
Toussaint in San Domingo eventually gave publicity to the fact. 
Then it was that our government, with Jefferson at its head, 
moved in the matter of a purchase, first of New Orleans (then 
an island), and later the whole Province of Louisiana (the father 
of the present King Oscar of Sweden was then Captain General 
of Louisiana). 

The purchase of the province was at length consummated, 
we paving $15,500,000 for it, and thus the great peril in which 
this country would have been placed was happily averted. 

I quote from pages 185-186-187 of Hart's Epochs of Amer- 
ican History: 

''When, in 1800, Napoleon became First Consul and virtual 
Dictator, he formed the brilliant scheme of renewing the French 
colonial system. His first step was to recover Louisiana; his 
second was to make peace with England, and the third was to 
occupy, first, Hayti and then Louisiana. The three plans were 
pushed with characteristic rapidity. In October, 1800, the secret 
treaty of San Idelfonso was negotiated, by which Spain agreed 
to return Louisiana to France. In 1802 the peace of Aimens 
was made with England. A combined French and Spanish 



£o THE CARROLL. THEORY. 

squadron had already (1801) carried a great expedition to occupy 
the island of San Domingo (Hayti), with secret orders to re- 
establish slavery. 

"Then came an unexpected check. The fleet and the ,army 
of 10,000 men were unable to break down the resistance of 
Tonssaint L'Overture, a noted b 1 ack general, who assumed to 
be the 'Napoleon of the island.' Toussaint was at length taken 
but the French armv was forced back to the ports, and almost 
swept away by disease. The blacks were still masters of the 
idand. 

The next step was to have been the occupation of Louis- 
iana By this time (April, 1802,) the news of the cession and 
secret treaty reached the United States, and drew from Jefferson,, 
then president, a remarkable letter," etc. 

In a distant land, far removed from his own island home, 
where the glistening waters of the Seine flow down amid the 
bloom and foliage and enchanted fields of "sunny France;" in 
obscurity, seclusion and neglect, waiting for the reveille not 
beaten by human hand, lies the dust of this black general, this 
hero, this patriot, who, though a stranger to us and to our land,, 
nevertheless, by his heroism and fidelity to the cause of humanity 
in his own land, averted a great and dreadful peril, which, like a. 
dark shroud, hung over our own. 

"Soldier, rest, thy warfare o'er; 
Sleep the sleep that knows no waking." 

M'DONOUGH AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 

In 1814, had not the British fleet on Lake Champlain been 
captured or destroyed, New England, or a large portion of it, 
would have been wrested from us, and in the end re-annexed 
to the British colonial possessions in North America. England 
w^as ready to make peace after the Lundy Lane campaign, but 
with a mental reservation — that if the control of Lake Cham- 
plain could be attained, for which purpose a fleet was being 
built, she would not make peace without a large part of New 
England was ceded to her. 

With the British in control on Lake Champlain, New Eng- 
land would have been virtually at the mercy of the enemy, as- 
every military man, at least, will readily admit. 

The battle of LaKe Champlain was fought Sunday, Sep- 
tember 11, 1814 (Plattsburg was fought the same day), and re- 
sulted in the capture of the British fleet commanded by Commo- 
dore Downie. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 8 1 

Neither historians or other writers have ever, so far as I 
know, made any such claim as I have made absut the probable 
results which would have followed had not McDonough been 
victorious on Lake Champlain, but I am not waiting for some- 
body else to be heard from first before I assert what is already 
a fact of history, even though it may not heretofore have been 
written history, i he date of the battle is given by Lossing on 
page 435 ot ms History of the United States. 

In a foot-note on the same page I find the following: 

"When the British squadron appeared off Cumberland 
Head, McDonough knelt on the deck of the Saratoga, his flag- 
ship, in the midst of his men and prayed to the God of battles 
for aid. During the battle a British ball demolished a hencoop 
on board the Saratoga. A rooster, released from his prison, flew 
into the rigging and crowed lustily, at the same time flapping 
his wings with triumphant vehemence. The seamen regarded 
the event as a good omen, and fought like tigers, while the 
rooster cheered them on with his crowings, until the British 
flag was struck and the firing ceased." 

The God of battles answered the prayer of McDonough, 
the victory was won and the Union saved from probable dis- 
memberment. 

I have always regarded the spectacle of McDonough kneel- 
ing on the deck of his flagship and praying to the God of 
battles, just before the fight began at Lake Champlain, as one 
of the grandest pictures in American naval warfare, and one 
that ought to be an inspiration to every American, but in these 
days we are apt to forget the deeds and achievements of our 
former heroes. 

Decatur's capture and destruction of the Philadelphia, in 
the harbor of Tripoli, was one of the most bold and brilliant 
exploits which the history of naval warfare throughout the world 
can show. After the Philadelphia had fallen into the hands of 
the Tripolitans, been refitted and put in condition for service 
again, Decatur entered the harbor of Tripoli one dark night in 
a small American vessel, with a crew of seventy-six men, boarded 
the Philadelphia, killed or drove into the sea every man of the 
300 Tripolitans defending her, burned the ship to the water's 
edge without the loss of a single man. 



3 2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

STONEWALL JACKSON. 

Though one of the ablest of the Confederate generals, I 
claim that Stonewall Jackson twice saved the Union from over- 
throw, when on each occasion, at that particular occasion, time 
and moment, no otner living may could have saved it. 

To Stonewall Jackson I concede all of the grand and noble 
qualities that should characterize a great soldier. More than 
this, he was intensely loyal to the cause of the South, and in- 
tensely loyal to nis God, in whose service he lived and died. 

He believed that he was a living instrumentality through 
whose agency some plan and purpose of Divinity was to be 
accomplished. 

In that I believe he was right, but he did not see and realize 
what that purpose was until his work was done. 

I have already said that he was one of the ablest of the 
Confederate generals, and it was not through lack of ability 
or want of loyalty to the cause of the South that he, unknown 
to himself, became the protector of the Union on two occasions. 

I will both ask and answer two questions which will tend 
to "simplify the issue/' What would have happened had Long- 
street, or some other able Confederate general, been in command 
of Jackson's corps during the "Seven Days' fight"? The Union 
would have been lost. 

What would have been the result had Jackson, at the battle 
of Chancellorsville, instead of halting to reform his columns in 
the woods, pushed straight forward into the open field? The 
Union would have been lost. 

I will quote no authority, except from Confederate sources, 
to sustain the oosition assumed in regard to Stonewall Jackson; 
and, first, from the Lost Cause, by Pollard, who never failed 
to extol a Confederate general or to besmirch and belittle a 
Union general, with or without reason, when he could find an 
excuse for so doing. 

Speaking of Jackson, Pollard says in his Lost Cause: 

"He had at last succeeded in crossing Beaver Dam creek," 
page 285; "Jackson had not yet arrived," page 287; "at this 
moment Jackson arrived," (3 p. m. second day of the "Seven 
Days' fight") page 267; "McGruder struck the enemy's rear, 
but Jackson had been delayed," page 290; "Jackson reached 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 8$ 

Savage's Station on the 30th," (day after the battle), page 290; 
"Early on the 1st of July, Jackson reached the battlefield of 
the previous day," page 291. "Jackson sent to his (Hill's) sup- 
port his own division and part of Ewell's, which was in reserve, 
but owing to the incerasing darkness, the intricacies of the for- 
est and swamp, they did not arrive in time to render the desired 
assistance," pa^e 292. 

D. H. Hill, with a part of Jackson's corps, had attacked 
the Federals, but had been driven back. 

These quotations from Pollard are enough to show that for 
seme reason Jackson's "battle arm" seems to have been partially 
paralyzed during the seven days of fighting around Richmond. 
But this is not all. From the Confederate General D. H. Hill 
(Jackson's brother-in-law, or said to have been), we find by 
consulting pages 347-352, volume 2, Battles and Leaders of the 
Civil War, that Jackson himself set the time for his attack on 
the flank of the Union army to begin, but did not reach the point 
selected until twenty-four hours later. 

This is not all. In speaking of the battle of Gains' Mill, the 
Confederate General Longstreet says, page 399, volume 2, 
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: "General Jackson was 
^gain missing, and General Lee grew fearful of the result," and 
later, on the same page: 

"General Whiting came to me with two brigades of Jack- 
son's men and asked me to put him in" (into the fight), and on 
page 402, speaking of his (Longstreet's) part in the battle of 
FYayser's Farm, he says: 

"Jackson should have done more for me than he did." 

On page 403 (same volume), Longstreet says: 

"If Jackson had arrived on the 26th, the day of his own 
choosing, the Federals would have been driven back without a 
battle. His delay there, caused by obstructions placed in his 
road by the enemy, was the first mishap. He was too late in 
entering the fight at Gains'* Mill, and the destruction of Grape- 
vine Bridge kept him from reaching Frayser's Farm until the 
day after the battle. If he had been there we might have de- 
stroyed or captured McClellan's army." 

On page 389 of the volume above mentioned, the following 
appears, taken from the Confederate Major Dabney's Life of 
Jackson: 

"On this occasion (White Oak Swamp), if the vast interests 
dependent on General Jackson's co-operation with the proposed 
attack are considered that he came short of, the efficiency for 
which he was everywhere noted." 



#4 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Further on, on the same page, Dabney says: 

"This temporary eclipse of Jackson's genius was probably 
to be explained by physical causes." 

Still on the same page, the Confederate General Hill tries- 
to account for this "temporary eclipse," and says: 

"Jackson's genius never shone when he was under the com- 
mand of another. * * * * Compare his inertness on this 
occasion with the wonderful vigor a few weeks later." 

Hill, on the same page, assigns another reason for Jackson's- 
"inertness," which, in part, at least, reflects unjustly, as I think,, 
on that general: 

"I thing that an important factor in this inaction was Jack- 
son's pity for his own corps. * * * He thought that the- 
garrison of Richmond ought now to bear the brunt of the 
fighting." 

But, more to the point. I claim, to say nothing of other 
battles of the "Seven Days," that if Jackson, with his 28,000 
men, had come upon our flank and rear, as he might have done- 
at the battle of Savage's Station, fought Sunday, June 29, 1862, 
the crisis day of the Seven Days' struggle, McClellan's army- 
would have been destroyed and the Union would have fallen 
with it. 

All I have thus far quoted is from Confederate sources,, 
and all that is to follow will come from the same direction. 

I again quote General Longstreet, who, as said elsewhere,, 
some historians and military critics hold to have been the great- 
est military genius produced by the South during the war: 

"Heintzelman crossed White Oak prematurely, and left the 
rear of McClellan's army exposed, which would have been fatal 
had Jackson come up and taken part in the battle of the 29th, 
near Savage's Station." 

Why did not Jackson come? Was it because it was the 
Sabbath day? 

On page 350, volume 2, Battles and Leaders of the Civil' 
War, General Hill says: 

"It will be seen from the narrative of Major Dabney, that 
General Jackson, who fought some of his most desperate battles 
on Sunday, would not start (June 22) to Richmond until Sunday 
had passed." 

As to whether the particular day of the week had anything 
to do with Jackson's failure to come up at Savage's Station. 
June 29, 1862, I can only say that we see from Confederate 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 85 

authority that he would not start on Sunday, June 22, and did 
not start or move on Sunday, June 29, one week later. 

Now I claim that these incidents of history, everyone of 
rthem from Confederate sources, establish the fact that some 
singular spell or influence which operated as a "temporary 
eclipse," as Major Dabney says, of Jackson's genius, held Jack- 
son in its meshes during the "Seven Days' fight," held him 
back, and I contend that from the mass of Confederate author- 
ity here produced I have fully established the proposition made 
at the outset: That had Longstreet, or some other able Con- 
iederate general, been in Jackson's place during the "Seven 
Days' fight," the Union would have been lost. 

That wonderful campaign of Jackson's in the Shenandoah 
valley gained for him the reputation of being a thunderbolt. Lee 
wanted a thunderbolt to hurl against the right wing of Mc- 
Clellan's army, and so he called Jackson for that purpose. He 
came, and the Union was saved by his coming. 

I have asked this question in regard to Chancellorsville: 
'What would have been the result had Jackson, at Chancellors- 
ville, instead of halting to re-form his columns in the woods, 
pushed straight forward into the open field? 

I have answered that the Union would have been lost. 

At the battle of Chancellorsville, Lee displayed greater 
generalship than he ever displayed before or after that battle, 
and yet it was a generalship not in accordance with the tactical 
rule or maxims of field strategy, but in defiance of them — in 
■defiance of them because Lee understood Hooker, and knew 
just what it would be safe to do as against him. 

It is one of the maxims of "field strategy" that the com- 
mander of an army should not make a "grand detachment" in 
the face of his antagonist, but at Chancellorsville Lee made two 
grand detachments, and yet won the battle. 

The first was when leaving only Early's division and Barks- 
dale's brigade to confront Sedgwick at Fredericksburg, he im- 
pelled his whole force on Chancellorsville and drove back 
Hooker's irresolute advance, which was slowly moving toward 
the open and high ground in the vicinity of Salem Church. The 
second grand detachment came when he sent Stonewall Jack- 
son, with 27,000 men, on a circuitous march along the Catharpan 
to the Brook road, and from thence near the Old Wilderness 



$6 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Tavern, turning square to the right into the Orange plank and 
turnpike roads to the right and rear of Hooker's right wing. 

When, at Auste'rlitz, Napoleon saw his enemy marching 
across his front to the right, he said to some of his officers who 
were nervously looking over their right shoulders: "Never 
interrupt an enemy when he is making a mistake." Hooker 
saw the movement of Jackson at Chancellorsville, but construed 
it into a retreat of Lee's army on Gordonsville, a nearly fatal 
mistake. 

Hooker's first mistake at Chancellorsville was that he did. 
not push forward his whole army on the evening of April 30, 
1863, and seize the high ground already mentioned, instead of 
halting, as he did, at Chancellorsville. That he failed to take 
advantage of Jackson's flank march, May 2, was his second mis- 
take. 

Jackson pushed rapidly toward Hooker's right flank, Rode's- 
division leading, followed by the divisions of Colston and A, P. 
Hill. 

The first note of warning was the "Rebel yell," followed by 
an awful roar of musketry, and the long columns and masses of 
Jackson's corps, in line of battle, came sweeping on with irre- 
sistible force, scattering and diivirg everything before it. "In. 
a moment, in the twinkling of an eye," as it might be said, the 
whole right winp- of Hooker's army was virtually smashed to- 
pieces and went drifting wlldy and madly down the Orange- 
turnpike and other loads, through field and thicket, past the 
peaceiul Wilderness Church, 

"The little browa church in the vale." 

On and on, down to and beyond Melzi Chancellor's again, 
through field and thicket, dwarf oak and chapparel. Howard's 
corps is overwhelmed, scattered and broken, but it is not his 
fault — Howard was a hero. With the old flag under what was 
left of that arm — the arm he lost with us that day at Fair Oaks, 
and w^th drawn sword in the one hand left to him, and with 
his horse reined up broadside across the turnpike, paying no 
more attention to the flying bullets than a Laplander would to 
so many flakes of snow, Howard did all that mortal man could 
have done to stem the tide of fugitives rolling rearward, but to 
no purpose. Carl Schurz, too; not old then, but grim and 



THE CARROLL THEORY. S7 

grizzly, at the head of a part of his division, essayed to make a 
stand at Hawkins' slope, but went down before the colossal 
human avalanche that was sweeping toward Chancellorsville. 

Devens, Williams andSteinuhr, as Carl Schurz had already 
done, made gallant efforts to check the storm, but to no avail. 
Scarcely pausing in his victorious march, Jackson swept every- 
thing before him for two miles, when the dense woods and 
thickets immediately surrounding Chancellorsville itself were 
reached, but still the battle line swept on intq the woods and 
chapparel. On again, and still on, amid d.af^ning shouts,, 
cheers, yells, the crash and roar of musketry, the conquering 
column pushed. They were in the woods then — the last barrier 
and bulwark of Hooker's army and the Union. Would they 
make the open field that lay beyond? If so, the army was lost 
and the Union was lost. 

Suddenly that hand — the hand which wielded the thunder- 
bolt and did not hurl it at Richmond, but did hurl it at Chan- 
cellorsville with a Titan's force — was thrown upward, heaven- 
ward and the word "Halt!" rang along the advancing lines. 

Hooker's army was saved, and because of that fact, the 
Union was saved also. 

Again I quote from Confederate authority. On page 211, 
volume 3, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Captain James 
P. Smith, who was an aid de camp of Jackson's at Chancellors- 
vihe, and later on his literary executor, although he is careful 
not to use the word "halt," says, in speaking of Jackson on this 
occasion: 

"Division commanders found it more and more difficult, 
as the twilight deepened, to hold their broken brigades in hand. 
Regretting the necessity of relieving the trcops in front, General 
Jackson had ordered A. P. Hill's division, his third and reserve 
line, to be placed in front. While this change was being effected, 
impatient and anxious, the general rode forward on the turn- 
pike^, followed by two or three of his staff and a number of 
couriers and signal sergeants." 

While, as already observed, the word "halt" is not used, 
yet we see, nevertheless, that the columns were stopped, and 
by order of General Jackson. The Confederate, Pollard, who 
usually indicates just what he means in ordinary words, speaks 
more to the point and says, in effect, what I say here that 
Hooker's army would have been destroyed had it not been for 
this halt. 



SS THE CARROLL THEORY. 

On page 374 of the Lost Cause, Pollard says: 

"The whole corps of the enemy was broken; it retreated 
in confusion and dismay; in vain Hooker interposed himself to 
check the llight; his right wing was being fiercely driven down 
upon Anderson's and McLaw's (Confederate division com- 
manders) sturdy veterans, and the fate of his army hung in a 
balance. Presently there was a halt in the pursuit." 

"Reading between the lines," we find that when Pollard 
wrote these words, he said then in effect what I say now, that 
this halt ordered by Jackson saved Hooker's army from destruc- 
tion, and I need not add that which I have already said more 
than once, that the destruction of the army of the Potomac at 
that time, as well as on some other occasions, would have meant 
the fall of the Union. 

I have now, as it seems to me, clearly established from 
Confederate authority exclusively the proposition made at the 
o-tset regarding Chancellorsville — that had not Jackson ordered 
this halt, the Union would have been lost, and I will now cite 
one passage from history showing what some, or at least one, 
of the Union generals on the field thought of this halt. I cite 
but one, as none of the others writing about Chancellorsville 
have specifically referred to this matter, though inferentially 
others take the same view. 

On page 181, volume 3, Battles and Leaders of the Civil 
Wa.\ General Pleasanton ,says: 

"For half an hour General Jackson had the army of the 
Potomac at his mercy. That he halted to re-form his troops in 
the woods, instead of forging ahead into the clearing, where he 
could re-form his troops more rapidly, and where he could have 
seen that he was master of the situation, turned out to be one 
of those fatalities by which the most brilliant prospects are 
sacrificed." 

The reader should bear in mind that what has been said 
about Chancellorsville elsewhere in this little book, concerned 
only the last day of the battle, Sunday, May 3, 1863, while what 
has been said under the present sub-division relates to that which 
occurred on the first day of that historic event. 

I have said that Stonewall Jackson twice saved the union 
when, on each occasion, no other living man at that particular 
time, place and occasion, could have saved it. Had General 
Lee been with Jackson's command that day, when Jackson failed 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 89 

to go to the assistance of Magruder at Savage's Station, he could 
have sent those 28,000 men forward, but General Lee was not 
there, neither was there time for Magruder to have found out 
where Lee was, so that positive orders could have been sent to 
Jackson, and the latter, in obedience to those orders, could 
have reached the battlefield in time. So that, at that particular 
-moment, Jackson was the master, the only man on earth who at 
that time could have brought that corps into the battle. He 
failed to do so, and the Union was saved. No other man on the 
<ground at the time could have halted Jackson's 27,000 men but 
Jiimself. He saw fit to do so, and the Union was again saved. 

Why Jackson did not go to the assistance of Magruder that 
-day, he himself never explained, so far as history discloses, and 
no one else has done so except to say that before Jackson could 
go to the relief of Magruder he had to rebuild the bridge over 
the Chickahommy River. As to this, there are thousands living 
today) who knew that the river at that time could have been 
forded by infantry- More than this, Jackson's pickets and skir- 
mishers came across the river and a long line of them made 
their appearance on our side of the Chickahominy while the 
division to which I b:longed was, early on that day, moving down 
the river from Trent Hill to Savage's Station. We all saw that 
line and to my certain knowlege and observation two batteries 
of light artillery were thrown "in battery" on our left flank to 
xepel what we all thought at the time to be the beginning of 
Jackson's advance across the river. 

While the stream may not have been passable for artillery 
or cavalry, there was no reason in the world why Jackson could 
not have sent 20,000 infantry across the river on that day to the 
assistance of Magruder. 

Jackson's reasons for not moving on that day are not now, 
never have been and never will be known. General Longstreet 
says in his account of the "Seven Days' fight" in his book, 
""From Bull Run to Appomattox," that Magruder sent couriers 
to Jackson, onlv four miles away, urging him to come to the 
assistance of the Confederates, but they returned and reported 
that Jackson, in response to Magruder's request, said that he 
had "important business of his own on hand." 

That Jackson was conscientious in what he did that day— 



go THE CARROLL THEORY. 

or, rather, in what he did not do — as well as on all other occa- 
sions, I have no doubt whatever. 

At Chancellorsvihe, as all can see, at that particular time 
when he ordered that iialt, no other living man could have done 
what he did, for the simple reason that he, and he alone, was 
in command of his corps, and, as at Savage's Station, Lee did 
not and could not at that time have given any orders himself 
that would have reached Jackson soon enough to have been 
acted upon. As to halting at that time, while every military 
and unmilitary man can see now that it was a mistake from the 
military standpoint, yet it is probably true that at that time, or 
at any time, while some good generals would have continued 
"forging ahead," as General Pleasanton says, it is no doubt true 
that some other just as good military man would have done 
exactly as Jackson did. 

Chancellorsville was Stonewall Jackson's last battle. After 
giving the order to halt, re-form, etc., he rode forward, as we 
have already seen, to reconnoiter, and passed out of the woods 
into the field beyond, and on attempting to return with General' 
A. P. Hill and several staff officers, fell mortally wounded. 

It is a singular fact that he should have fallen by the fire 
of his own men, but such was the fact — he and his party, in the 
dusk of the evening, having been mistaken for Union cavalry. 
See Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, page 210. 

Destined to fall, not at the hands of the foe, whose cause- 
he had unconsciously and unknowingly aided, but by the fire 
of his own men, his own friends in their cause and the cause of 
the South he had so gallantly upheld through many a battle 
stcrrm, he was borne from the field and died a few days later. 
Just before his spirit took its flight he uttered those beautiful 
and typical words — his last words: "Let us cross over the river 
and rest under the shade of the trees." 

While he always believed that God had a work for him to> 
do, I am firmly convinced that not until his spirit had crossed 
"over the river" and he had come to stand in the presence of 
that Great Father of us all, did Thomas Jonathan Jackson fully 
realize what that work w r as, and he, as a faithful soldier of the 
cross, as well as of the cause which he cherished, had been one 
of the human instrumentalities through whom — ■ 

"God moves in a mysterious way 
His wonders to perform." 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 91 

ANOTHER DIGRESSION— MYSTERIOUS HORSEMAN 
OF CHANCELLORSYILLE. 

After the battle of Chancellorsville we used to hear — we of 
the army — a good deal about a mysterious horseman, who, it 
was said, made his appearance near the group of Confederate 
officers that gathered aiound Stonewall Jackson aLer he fell 
mortally wounded at the clcse of the first day's fight. This 
horseman, as the story went, sat en his horse in the dusk of 
the evening a hundred feet away or more and seemed to be 
observing the group. When any movemint was made which 
appeared to indicate that he was observed, the horseman would 
disappear, but in a few moments would make his appearance 
again from some other direction, and continued on in this way 
until Jackson was borne to the rear, when he disappeared and 
was seen no more. 

Many wild stories were afloat in reference to this circum- 
stance, and all of them were to the effect that there was some- 
thing supernatural about it. 

Those inclined to be superstitious made a great ado about 
it, were even skeptical about visiting the battlefield. I remem- 
ber devoting three days during the great campaign of 1864 to 
the matter of looking over and around that battlefield, and it 
was an actual fact that some of the members of the military 
organization to which I then belonged would not accompany 
me while making observations, for no other reason than that 
they were afraid they might meet the "mysterious horseman 
of Chancellorsville. 

Thousands of old soldiers today no doubt remember and 
tell of this horseman as one of the singular facts connected with 
the fall of Stonewall Jackson. 

While a resident of Minnesota, more than a quarter of a 
century ago, I accidentally obtained a solution of this niystery, 
if mystery it could be called. I one day found on the street a 
number of clippings from some eastern papers, as would appear 
that had either been lost or thrown away by some one. 

One of these clippings contained an article written by a 
New York man, who was an aid, de camp on the staff of one of 
our generals at Chancellorsville, and later on a brigadier general 
of volunteers. I am not able to give his name. The clippings 



o 3 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

proved to have been lost by a stranger who was stopping in 
the tcwn for a day, and I returned them to him before it occurred 
to me that I ought to note down this name for future reference. 
1 am quite satisfied that the first letter of his surname was M. 

Briefly stated, the solution of the mystery, as given by this 
former officer, was as follows: 

Late in the month of April, 1853, he took passage at some 
point well down the Mississippi River on his return to the North 
from a business trip to New Orleans. Among the passengers 
on the same steamer was a young man by the name of Jackson 
— T. J. Jackson, he gave as his name when introduced to the 
former Union officer. It appeared that Jackson at that time 
was connected with seme military academy in the far South, 
and he, too, was on his way North. The two became quite inti- 
mate for passengers, and spent most of the time together, talking 
politics, religion, history and on nearly every other subject 
that could be named. 

One night the writer of the article alluded to was awakened 
by some one at his bedside, or berth, more properly speaking, 
and on collecting his scattered ideas, recognized his new-made 
acquaintance Jackson as the man standing at his side. 

Jackson seemed strangely agitated, and told him that in 
just ten years from that night they would both be near each 
other in a situation of great danger; that one, at least, would 
piobably lose his life, as he had distinctly seen the form of a man 
lying on the ground and many others bending over him. 

When Jackson was interrogated as to what induced him 
to believe that this was going to happen, he replied that the 
stars plainly pointed to the fact, from which it was inferred that 
Jackson was a believer in astrology. 

The New York man paid little attention to this, but did 
note the day of the month, which was May 2, 1853. 

When Jackson's fame spread far and wide during the Civil 
War it became known to this gentleman that the noted Stone- 
Wall Jackson was none other than his fellow passenger on the 
Mississippi steamer in 1853. 

At Chancellorsville, when the attack on Hooker's right 
wing came, it was known that Jackson was at the head of the 
nearly 30,000 men who had assailed the Union army, and then, 
almost tor the first time, the New York man — then, as before 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 93 

explained, an aid de camp on the staff of one of our generals — 
recalled the incident of ten years before — just ten years, for it 
was May 2, 1863, that this attack on Hooker's flank occurred. 

His duties as aid de camp on that eventful evening called 
him to various portions of the fkld, when, hearing a volley fired 
near the turnpike, he rode as near as he dared to it, thinking 
that the enemy might be advancing at that point. In the dusk 
of the evening he saw a group of dismounted horsemen gath- 
ered around someone lying on the ground, and heard a voice 
call out: 

"Bring a litter, General Jackson is wound d." 

He then knew that it must be Stonewall Ja.kscn, and con- 
tinued to observe the party for some time, riding back into the 
darkness of the field whenever the attention of the officers 
seemed to be directed to him, but keeping near enough so 
that he was able to see what was taking place, until Jackson 
was carried back into the enemy's lines. 

I must not assume to vouch for the absolute correctness 
of this story. I think it is true, however, and give it here for 
what it may be worth. 

STILL ANOTHER— WELLINGTON AT WATERLOO. 

I digress again for a moment. If, as I claim, Stonewall 
Jackson was an instrument in the hands of an Overruling Prov- 
idence in twice saving the L^nion from overthrow — I have dem- 
onstrated that he did twice save it, and the readers of this little 
book must judge for themselves why it was so — then it is not 
the first time in history that a great general has, unknown to 
himself, served the cause he was fighting against. 

Wellington, at Waterloo, was in effect the champion of 
republican liberty in France, when, in fact, he and the English 
nation, and I might say all Europe, supposed that blow to have 
been struck against the idea of republicansim. Even the great 
historian, Allison, who ought to have known better, is pleased 
to refer to Napoleon as the great head of the "Republican Rev- 
olution." 

The facts were that Napoleon, for the time, had stifled the 
voice of republicanism in France — crowned himself "Emperor 
of the French," and proposed to perpetuate himself and family 
as the royal rulers of France. The overthrow of Napoleon at 



9 | THE CARROLL THEORY. 

AVaterloo, as we can now see, meant the eventual rise of the 
"Republic of France," which was and is now the "Child of 
America," for the fires of republican liberty and of the French 
Revolution were kindled in America. Even the historian 
alluded to says as much by implication, if not in direct words. 

All Europe, when it combined against Napoleon, was vir- 
tually championing the cause of liberty. 

Napoleon disposed of, the French Republic eventually made 
its appearance for the second time. Napoleon III, however, 
beat it down as Napoleon I had done before him, but when 
Loui* Napoleon met his fate at Sedan, for the third time the 
French Republic arose and for nearly thirty years now it has 
held sway. It may fall again through the plotting of such men 
as Boulanger (Boo-lan-shay), was in his time — only a few years 
ago — but in the end France is destined to be a republic. 

What has been said of Wellington at Waterloo might well 
apply to Von Moltke at Sedan. The great German general 
was, unknown to himself, fighting for a French Republic. Bis- 
marck alone of all the great European statesmen, saw this, and 
said at the time that peace should be concluded at Sedan — that 
a march on Paris meant the downfall of the French Empire, 
and that event would be followed by the rise again of the French 
Republic, and, as the greatest of the then living Germans said, 
"That is just what Europe don't want to see." 

I have said elsewhere that Sunday appears to have been 
the least eventful war day in the history of any nation in the 
world except the old Jewish nation and the United States, but 
this should be qualified by saying that with the French nation 
Sunday, June 18, 1815, the day of the battle of Waterloo, was 
at least one of the most eventful war days in its history. 

"LEW" WALLACE AT MONOCACY. 

Having devoted much space and been guilty of some repe- 
tition, I fear, in the case of Stonewall Jackson, I pass on to note 
briefly the remaining two of the "Seven Wardens." 

At tlie battle of Monocacy Bridge, fought Saturday (within 
the Sabbath time of forty-eight hours), July 9, 1864, General 
Lew Wallace, who commanded the Union forces, unquestion- 
ably saved the Citv of Washington, the Capital of the Nation, 
from falling into the hands of the enemy. That this would have 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 9 ~ 

proved an awful ana, perhaps, a fatal disaster to the nation, 
there can be, and never has been, any doubt. 

While Wallace was, as a matter of fact, compelled to retire 
from the field, yet he delayed Early's march for twenty-four 
hours, and by the time the Confederate general reached that 
city with his army, the troops Grant had sent from his army in 
front cf Petersburg had begun to arrive, and the Capital was thus 
saved from capture. Grant says, page 306, volume 2, of his 
Memoirs : 

"He (Early) at once commenced to retreat, Wright follow- 
ing. There is no telling how much this result was contributed 
to by General Lew W r allace leading what might well be con- 
sidered a forlorn hope. If Early had been but one day sooner 
he might have entered the Capital before the arrival of rein- 
forcements." 

On page 695, History of the United States, Lossing says: 

''W'allace was compelled to fall back on Baltimore after 
heavy loss. Then Early pushed on toward Washington; but 
the check and lesson given him by Wallace so retarded his 
movements, that the Sixth and Nineteenth Corps arrived there 
in time to save the city from capture." 

SAMUEL J. TILDEX. 

I close this branch of my subject by adding the name of 
Samuel J. Tilden to the list of those who have, from time to 
time, warded off some great danger to this country. 

Samuel J. Tilden was the candidate of one of the then 
{1876) great national parties for President. The election was 
the closest one ever held in our history. Complications arose 
in several of the states, but eventually the "Electoral Commis- 
sion" was created by Congressional action, and the result finally 
-attained was that R. B. Hayes was declared duly elected Presi- 
dent by a majority of one only in the electoral count. 

Great dissatisfaction existed, and there were indications of 
a coming storm, whicn would at least have rocked the nation 
from center to circumference, if the Union had not been broken 
into fragments. 

The peril to the nation was one of the greatest in its history. 
Then it was that Samuel J. Tilden came forward and not only 
refused to take any steps to assert his claims to the Presidency, 
but advised and counseled his friends, the leaders of his party, 



96 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

and that party itself, to abide by the result as announced' by the 
Electoral Commission. 

With the merits or demerits of that controversy I have 
here nothing to say, but I state it as a matter of history too 
well known to millions of living Americans to require citations 
fiom history, that had it not been for the unselfish and patriotic 
course of Samuel J. Tilden at that time, the nation would have 
been at least partially wrecked on the lee shore of political par- 
tizanship. 

I am now through with the subject of "The Seven War- 
dens." Other instances, very similar to these I have giveni 
under this head, might be mentioned, but those referred to are 
undoubtedly the most important of any that can be cited frorrt 
our history. 

FIVE WARS— AMERICAN VICTORIES IN EVERY 

BATTLE. 

It will be a difficult thing to find in history, except in our 
own, the record of a single war where the same side has beeni 
victorious in every battle, yet with us the fact is that, except 
our two wars with England, in everyone of our other foreign 
wars the Americans have been victorious in every battle, com- 
bat and engagement — the history of the world cannot show 
the merest approach to a parallel to this. 

On one occasion, during the war with France, a small 
American warship suddenly thrown into the power of an over- 
whelmingly superior French naval force, surrendered "at discre- 
tion;" and in our war with Tripoli our fleet two or three times 
ran into the harbor of Tripoli and bombarded the castle, and 
withdrew when they got ready, but there was no defeat, or evert 
a repulse to us on any of these occasions. 

I herewith give a list, etc., of the five wars alluded to: 

War with France, July 8, 1798, to September 30^ 1800.. 

W r ar with Tripoli, June 10, 1801, to June 3, 1805. 

War with Mexico, March 8, 1846, to July 4, 1848. 

War with Algiers, January 1, 181 5, to June 29, 181 5. 

War with Spain, April 21, 1898, to November 10, 1898. 

The facts which I have submitted under the headings 
"National Sovereignty Through a Cyclone at Windsor, Ver- 
mont," "The Seven Storms," "The Seven Wardens," and under 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 97 

the present head of "Five Wars — American Victories in Every 
Battle," are all that I shall adduce to demonstrate that this 
nation has been lifted, up and placed side by side on the same 
plane with the Jewish nation of old in so far as that nation in its 
day and time was under the supervision and care of the Divinity, 
and from time to time, by miraculous and semi-miraculous in- 
terventions in its behalf, protected and preserved from danger 
by the trans :endant and omnipotent power of the God of 
Nations. 



-7 



THE TEN LOST TRIBES OF ISRAEL. 



I claim now to have established the fact that the Sabbath 
was a more eventful war day in the history of the old Jewish 
n?,tion than all other days of the week combined; that the 
Sabbath day was changed from the seventh to the first day of 
the week by Divine authority; that Sunday has been a. four- 
fold more eventful war day in the history of the United States 
than all other days of the week combined, and, like the Jewish 
nation of old, our country has been miraculously protected and 
preserved; and now I return for a time to the old Jewish nation. 

I have said that tne Jewish mission was two-fold — that the 
"Ten Lost Tribes of Israel" had for their part of the Jewish 
mission — entrusted to them by Divinity itself — the work of find- 
ing their way to the hidden hemisphere, where they were to 
reproduce the old Jewish commonwealth — republic — that it 
might become the tvne of the new and great nation destined 
to rise in the Western World. 

REVOLT AND CONDEMNATION OF THE TEN 

TRIBES. 

It is unnecessary to refer at length to the revolt and con- 
demnation of the Ten Tribes, who, after their separation from 
Judah, were known as Israel. Every Biblical student is familiar 
with the story, and I must not assume that others are ignorant 
of the facts connected with this revolt and condemnation. 

In i Kings 12:16; 14:7-8-14-15 verses, the story is told con- 
cerning the revolt and what followed. From these verses we 
learn that, "He shall root up Israel out of this good land which 
He gave to their fathers and scatter them beyond the river," 
and Josephus says, volume 1, pages 302 to 306, that the con- 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 59 

demnation of Israel bv the Prophet Ahija was, "The multitude 
also, shall partake of the same punishment and shall be cast out 
of the good land and shall be scattered unto the plains beyond 
Euphrates, because they have followed the wicked practices of 
their king." 

Jereboam was king at that time and led the revolt of the 
Ten Tribes, and thereafter continued in the same position, but 
^vas only king of Israel — the two tribes of Judah continued as 
they had been before. 

RESTORATION OF THE WITHERED HAND OF JERE- 
BOAM. 

I have thought it strange that the theologians have paid so 
little attention to such a singular incident as that of the restora- 
tion of the withered hand of Jereboam — but then they do not 
seem to have thought about the f, Ten Lost Tribes" after the 
revolt, and have evidently considered that Judah, and Judah 
alone, was of consequence in the sight of the Lord. 

Jereboam became idolatrous and led the people astray. He 
even assumed to perform the function of the High Priest, and 
after he had set up the golden heifer in the temple at Bethel, 
assembled his people and prepared to offer sacrifice. 

In 1 Kings 12:21-22-24-25; 13:1-3-4-6, and 2 Kings 17:24- 
25, the story is told. God sent a prophet from Jerusalem to 
protest with Jereboam, and this prophet was not to eat or drink 
at Bethel, and was to return by a different road from that which 
Jie took in going there. 

As Jereboam was about to offer incense, the prophet inter- 
fered and pronounced a condemnation to the effect that the 
altar should be broken up, etc. Jereboam reached cut his hand 
to seize the prophet, when it became withered and fell by his 
side. 

Tereboam, however, pleaded for a restoration of his with- 
ered hand, and, after praying to God, the prophet restored it. 

On his way back to Jerusalem a false prophet of Bethel 
overtook him and prevailed on him to go back to Bethel and 
sup with him. The prophet did so, but on his way, after he had 
started for Jerusalem a second time, he w T as killed by a lion. 

The false prophet of Bethel hearing of this, went for his 
body and found it lying by the roadside. The ass ridden by the 

Lrft 



IOO THE CARROLL, THEORY 

prophet was standing over the body, and the lion lay by the- 
roadside watching the beast, but had not harmed it. The false- 
prophet took the body back to Bethel and laid it in his own 
sepulchre. 

Josephus, volume I, pages 299-300, fully corroborates the 
Biblical account of this singular affair, and gives the name of 
the prophet from Jerusalem as Jadon. 

Now, I am no theologian, but I interpret this restoration; 
of the withered hand of Jereboam to mean that Israel (the Ten 
Tribes) should for a time be restored to the favor of the Lord,, 
because He had a mission for them to fulfill equal, perhaps, to 
that which fell to the lot of Judah. 

THE TEN TRIBES CAST OUT. 

In corroboration, of my view that ,God had still a mission 
for the Ten Tribes, it might be stated here that it was 255 years 
before they were cast out of the "good land" — a fact well known 
to all Bible students. "In the ninth year of Hoseah, the king 
of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away into Assyria."' 
2 Kings 17:6. 

The captivity of the Ten Tribes occurred 721 B. C, 255 
years after the condemnation by the Shilsan prophet, Ahijah. 

In further corroboration of my idea that the Ten Tribes,, 
after the condemnation, still retained God's favor, I might say 
that after the revolt of Israel, when Rehoboam, king of Judah, 
was about to march with 180,000 men against the Ten Tribes, 
God commanded (1 Kings 12:24) that he should not: "Ye shall 
not go up and fight against your brethren," and we find (2 Kings 
17:28) that after the Ten Tribes had been carried away into' 
captivity, one, at least, of their priests was permitted to come 
back and teach the new people of Samaria "How they should" 
fear the Lord." 

CROSSING OF THE EUPHRATES BY THE TEN LOST 

TRIBES. 

The book of Esdras is not, of course, at present considered 
as having canonical origin, and is not a portion of the Bible, at 
least with us. Still, as a portion of history, it is recognized as 
being entitled to the same and even more credit than the writings^ 
of most of the historians of the olden time. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. Id 

Of the affairs of the Ten Tribes, after having been cast out 
•of their own land and of their crossing the Euphrates River, the 
writer of Esdras says, 2 Esdras 13:40-41-42-43-44: 

"40. These are the tribes which were carried away pris- 
oners out of their own land in the time of Osee, the king, whom 
the king of Assyria led away captive, and he carried them over 
the waters, and so came they into another land. 

"41. But they took this counsel among themselves, that 
they would leave the multitude of the heathen and go forth into 
a further country, where never mankind dwelt. 

"42. That they might keep the statutes which they never 
kept in their own land. 

"43. And they entered into Euphrates by the narrow pas- 
sages of the river. 

"44. For the Most High then showed signs to them, and 
Tield still the flood till they were passed over." 

The foregoing from Esdras shows that the Ten Tribes had 
resolved to go into a far country, "where never mankind dwelt," 
that they realized among themselves that they had a duty of 
some kind to perform, a mission to fulfill, that they were going 
in the direction of Central Asia, and, of course, North America. 

More than this, we find in these verses a most decided and 
powerful confirmation of my theory that even after the condem- 
nation, the Ten Tribes were, for some good purpose, restored 
to the favor of God, and we find that, at the crossing of the 
Euphrates, "the Most High" showed signs to them and held still 
the flood. 

Moses transgressed, and God ordained that he should not 
enter the promised land, and yet mighty works were wrought 
hy Moses after this by direct command of the Lord. 

THE TEN LOST TRIBES IN ASIA. 

That the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel eventually disappeared, 
'or, rather, made their way into Central Asia, is quite obvious, 
for several reasons. 

They were going in that direction when they crossed the 
Euphrates; they proposed to go into a "further country where 
never mankind dwelt.' The historians claim that they were 
lost, and where could they have gone so as to be lost to historical 
view unless they had gone into Asia, and, while there is no 
positive evidence which can be readily adduced that they were 



io2 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

sojourners for a time in that great continent, there are, never- 
theless, certain facts available which point in that direction. 

Though I do not base very much on the fact, yet it might 
be mentioned here that in some parts of Asia pyramids are, or 
at least were, found of a smaller type than those of Egypt, but 
pyramids, nevertheless. 

The 3,000,000 jews who came out of the bondage of Egypt 
were all Egyptians in a certain sense. They were born in Egypt>. 
and there their fathers and forefathers had lived for about 400 
years. It is reasonable to assume that they brought with them 
from Egypt a knowledge of the arts, sciences, customs, habits 
and architecture of the Egyptians, and although about seven 
centuries had gone by, they might still, through tradition, have 
had some knowledge of the construction of pyramids, and all 
the world knows that Egypt was the "Mother of Pyramids." 

As to pyramids in Asia, see Chambers' Encyclopedia, vol- 
ume 6, page 494. 

The most significant fact, however, which, as I deem it, is- 
disclosed in history tending to show that the Ten Lost Tribes 
for a time dwelt in Asia, is that the Verdic hymns of the Hindus^ 
(so-called), that seem to have originated at about the time when 
the Ten Lost Tribes would have been for a century or two 
among the Asiatic people, show that the Hindus mind was 
striving- to bring itself to the belief that one God, instead of 
many, as their ancient religion taught them, ruled all things. 

As to the Verdic hymns, see Chambers' Encyclopedia, vol- 
ume 4, pages 574-575- 

It would seem that some external agency had been at work 
in their midst and had infused into the national mind the idea 
of one God, and we know, of course, that such was the belief" 
of the Ten Tribes. 

When, as we shall very soon see, it is remembered that 
among the North American Indians there was a disposition to 
deify the sun, moon, stars, fire, lightning, etc., exactly what the 
Hindus did, we shall be led to understand that the Ten Tribes, 
probably sojourned in Asia for a time, infused some of their 
ideas into the minds of the people among whom they dwelt, and^ 
received in return some of the religious ideas of that people, and 
probably adopted them as their own. 



THE CAJRROLL THEORY. 103 



BEHRING STRAITS. 



1 am about to change the name of the "Ten Lost Tribes of 
Israel" and call them, instead, "The North American Indians." 

A word of explanation is in order here. I do not claim to 
be the originator of the theory that the North American Indians 
are descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. What I claim in regard 
to the matter is this: That I have, in this little book, produced 
more evidence and facts from historical sources pointing to that 
conclusion than anyone before me, and I also claim that no 
ether man has, as yet, given any good reason why the Ten 
Tribes should have wandered through Asia and made their 
appearance in North America. 

I claim that the Ten Tribes, after a sojourn of two or three 
centuries in Asia, during which time they were gradually making 
their way in a northeasterly direction, eventually crossed over 
into North America by the way of Behring Straits. That it was 
possible, and even an easy matter for them to have crossed from 
continent to continent, I will proceed to show. 

"The narrowest part is near 66 degrees latitude, between 
East Cape, in Asia, and Cape Prince of Wales, in America. The 
distance between the two capes, in a direction from northwest to 
southeast, is nearly fifty miles; about midway are three unin- 
habited islands. * * .* * Owing to the shallowness of the 
strait, there are no icebergs of magnitude to be met with." 

Chambers' Encyclopedia, volume 1, page 595. 

Authorities without stint might be produced on this point, 
but the foregoing is sufficient to establish the point I make, that 
it wo-ulel have been possible, and even an easy matter, for the 
Ten Tribes to have crossed at this point into North America. 
They might have been many years in making the transfer, but 
that they could have surely gotten over the strait scarcely admits 
of a doubt, especially when we bear in mind that there were 
three islands about midway between the two shores. 

In a foot-note to page 11 of his History of the United 
States, Lossing says: 

"The people of northeastern Asia and the northwest coast 
of America have a near resemblance in person, customs and lan- 
guage, and those of the Aleutian Islands many of the charac- 



IQ 4 ' THE CARROLL THEORY. 

teristics of both. Ledyard says of the people of Eastern Siberia: 
'Universally and circumstantially they resemble the aborigines 
of America.' " 

The fact that the people at the extremities of the two con- 
tinents and the adjacent islands are similar in nearly every 
respect, including that of language, is sufficient evidence of the 
further fact that communication has existed between the two 
shores for ages, probably. 

THE TEN LOST TRIBES FOUND— THE NORTH 
AMERICAN INDIANS. 

It would be absurd, in the light of history, to claim that the 
North American Indians were the first inhabitants of this por- 
tior/ of the world. It is no part of my purpose, however, to 
undertake to demonstrate or prove who the first inhabitants 
were or where they came from. That portions of North and 
South America were inhabited by a different race of people 
altogether from those who I claim came across Behring Straits, 
I have not the slightest doubt. 

The objector might here arise and say that, according to 
my own showing, the Ten Tribes resolved to go into "a further 
country where never mankind dwelt," and now it is assumed 
that mankind dwelt here before they came. 

Let us see. The land from whence the Ten Tribes came 
contains 10,000 square miles, while the continents of North and 
South America contain 15,242,000 square miels. Assuming 
that one-third of the two continents were inhabited when the 
Ten Tribes arrived here, that would leave a tract of country just 
1,020 times as large as that from whence they came that was 
not inhabited. 

I do not think they had much trouble in finding a "further 
country where never mankind dwelt." 

I will now submit some facts from history tending to show 
that the North American Indians are descendants of the Ten 
Tribes. 

"Each nation (tribe), as we have observed, had crude 
notions drawn from traditions of their own distinct origin, and 
all agreed that their ancestors came from the north." 

Lossing's United States, page 16. 

North, or in a northerly direction, would mean toward 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 105 

IBehring Straits, at least such would be the fact with most of the 
North American Indian tribes. This little item from history is 
.very significant: 

"All of them (the Indians) had dim traditions of the crea- 
tion and of a general deluge which covered the earth." 

Lossing's United States, page 16. 

"They had vague ideas of the doctrine cf atonement, and 
made propitiatory sacrifices with great solemnity." 

Lossing's United States, page 16. 

"Nearly all have traditional glimpses of a great and uni- 
versal deluge, and some say their particular progenitors came 
in a bark canoe after that terrible event." 

Foot-note, Lossing's United States, page 11. 

Thus far we find that they had ideas and notions about the 
rgreat events that were so well known to the Jewish people, and 
even the doctrine of atonement was in vogue among them, and 
sacrifices were made. 

The bark canoe of the Indians suggests to the mind Noah's 
.ark of old. 

"There was no written language in all the New World, 
'except rude hieroglyphics or picture writings." 

Lossing's United States, page 13. 

At the time when the Jews, for nearly 400 years, were resi- 
dents of Egypt, the hieroglyphic, or picture, language was, as 
the historians tell us, the nearest approach to a written language 
the}- then had. 

The American Indians everywhere were divided into tribes 
— sometimes, as in the case of the Six Nations, a tribe was called 
a nation. I need not suggest that the Jews of old were also 
divided into tribes. The Indians, even at the present time, or 
within a few years, have their times of looking for the coming 
of the Indian "Messiah," as they call him. The Jewish fraternity 
all over the world are looking for the Messiah. It is a part of 
their religious belief. 

"Their arms, utensils, paints and food were buried with 
them, to be used on their long journey to the Spirit Land. By 
"this custom the doctrine of the immortality cf the soul was 
clearly and forcibly taught." 

Lossing's United States, page 15. 

"The dualty of God is the most ancient tenet of the Indian 
faith, a prominent tenet, it will be observed, in the belief of all 



1o 6 THE CARROLL, THEORY. 

the more advanced Oriental nations of antiquity. They believed 
in the existence of two Great Spirits; the one eminently great 
was the Good Spirit, and the inferior was the Evil one." 

Lossing's United States, page 15. 

"They also deified the sun, moon, stars, meteors, fire, water,, 
thunder and lightning and everything which they held to be 
superior to themselves." 

Lossing's United States, page 15. 
The reader will bear in mind that which was said in reference 
to the Verdic hymns in tracing the Ten Lost Tribes through 
Asia. While the Ten Tribes, as I contend, infused into the 
minds of the people of Asia the idea that there is but one God y 
we find here that they, in return, received from their Asiatic: 
brethren the idea of deifying everything superior to themselves. 

It is a fact too well known to require any authority in sup- 
port of the proposition, that the North American Indians calcu- 
Jated their time by the moon. "In four moons we dig up the 
hatchet," and the like expressions, which we have all read about 
a thousand times. 

The old Jewish nation calculated their time by the moon,, 
also. 

Rabbi Mayer May says, in The Estoric for May, 1897, pages 
499-500: 

"The Jewish calendar has been made as unerring as any 
system of reckoning can be according to the Lunar system, 
after which the Jewish calendars have been made." 

"But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the 
hairy scalp of such a one as goeth on still in his trespass." — - 
Psalm 68:21. 

Alone, by itself, the foregoing would rot be of much con- 
sequence; but as one of the items in the great mass of evidence 
and facts which will have been produced before I get through 
with this subject, it becomes quite a different thing. 

I might suggest this: Is it not probable that there may be 
some connection between the two nationalities, one of which 
has in its sacred writings the words quoted, and the other being 
the only race or nationality in history which makes it a business 
in war to wound enemies in the head by tearing from the crown 
of the head this hairy scalp? 

One of the facts to be considered in the question as to 
whether the North American Indians are or are not descend- 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 107 

ants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel is this: If they are not 
descended from the Ten Tribes, then those tribes have never 
been found. They have certainly never been found in any other 
part of the world. When, at any time, did a nationality, or any 
considerable part of a nationality get lost so that it could not 
be found or accounted for? 

The fact that the Ten Lost Tribes have never been found 
anywhere else is, when rightly considered, a very important and 
significant one and serves to throw some l'ght on this question- 
There are those who contend that the Anglo-Saxons are 
descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. The answer to that propo- 
sition is that the progenitors of the Anglo-Saxon race could 
never have gotten so far away but what their identity and 
whereabouts would have been known to history. 

The Ten Tribes were lost and could not be accounted for,, 
and never have been, unless the North American Indians are- 
their descendants, as I claim, though, as stated elsewhere, I do^ 
not pretend to have been the first to broach such a theory. 

OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 

J. Fenimore Cooper said, in effect, in one of his works,. 
that he would have been a convert to the theory that the North 
American Indians were descended from the Lost Tribes had it 
not been for the fact that the Jews were a light eyed nationality,, 
whereas the North Amreican Indians have dark or black eyes.. 

I had supposed that was really a serious obstacle to my 
theory on account of this fact, but when I reached it in my 
work, I found it not at all difficult to dispose of this objection. 

It is a fact well known, and no authority need be cited, that 
the climate and other influences will effect a change in the color 
of the skin. 

Reclus, in his Earth and Its Inhabitants, volume 3, page 26, 
refers to the sun as the "Father of Colors," and other authorities 
on this point might be cited. 

On page 446, volume 3, Chambers' Encyclopedia, where 
the anatomy of the eye is discussed, I find the following: 

"The varieties of color in the eyes of different individuals, 
and of different animals, mainly depend upon the color of the 
pigment which is deposited in cells in the substance of the iris." 

There are two things, at least, about which doctors and 



ic8 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

medical men generally do not disagree. One is that the color 
of the skin of a human being depends upon the color of the 
pigment deposited under the skin; and the other is that the pig- 
ment deposited "in cells in the substance of the iris" of the eye 
is always of the same color as that deposited under the skin. 

Here, then, we find that whatever has the effect of changing 
the color of the skin will change the color of the eye, also. 

But this is not all. History discloses the fact that the orig- 
inal Aryan nation — and there was once only one, where there 
are now many Aryan nations — after 2,000 years had gone by, 
had been divided into several different nations and scattered 
all through Europe and a portion of Asia. Some of these nations 
were dark-eyed and others light, as, for example, the Spanish 
and the Germans, one dark and the other a light-eyed nation. 

By what means this was effected, I do not need to inquire. 
It is sufficient for me that history discloses this fact. See Barnes' 
General History, page 12. 

One thing more. The Bible teaches of the original unity 
•of man. There was one man at the brginning, who had two 
eyes and they must have been both of the same color. Today 
there are men and nationalities having black eyes, blue eyes, 
gray eyes, etc. The fact that the Jewish nation had light eyes, 
and the North American Indians dark eyes, is not a fact or an 
argument having weight or force as against the theory to which 
I hold. 

Elsewhere reference is made to the fact that the North 
American Indians believe in the existence of an Evil Spirit, 
and it has been suggested, as a point against the idea, that the 
belief of the Indians was similar to that of the Jews; that it 
was not until after the Babylonian captivity that the belief of 
a Devil seems to have been prevalent amog the Jews. 

I cannot admit that such was the case. The Jews always 
believed in the existence of an Evil Spirit — in fact they believed 
that the Serpent in the Garden of Eden was, to all intents and 
purposes, the Devil or Evil Spirit. 

Under some names the Devil, or Evil Spirit, is referred to 
in Genesis 3:1-4-15; 1 Kings 22:21-22; 1 Samuel 16:14; Levit- 
icus 17:7; Deuteronomy 32:17, etc., of the Old Testament, 
and these books quoted from were all written in reference to 
the affairs of the Jewish nation, as they existed before the Ten 
Tribes were cast out. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



THE SIX NATIONS. 



109. 



My next step is to give, from history and historical sources,, 
a series of remarkable facts concerning the Six Nations of the 
Iroquois and the wonderful confederation they formed in what 
is now Central New York. 

First, however, a word should be said here as to what will 
occur with or to a civilized people cast out from their own land 
and set adrift in a wilderness or in some part of the world beyond 
the influences of civilized life. Where will a people thus situ- 
ated eventually drift to? There can be but one answer to this 
question. They will invariably retrograde and return to primi- 
tive conditions. There can be no doubt about this proposition. 

A nationality which, after several centuries of retrogression? 
have gone by, will have lost all knowledge of the arts and sci- 
ences they formerly possessed, all knowledge of their written 
history, and will retain in tradition and legend only those things 
which came to themselves and their fathers in the nature of 
object lessons. 

Under such circumstances a people may even lose their 
original language, especially if their language, like that of the 
ancient Jews, is one easy to be lost, and Ave find that such was- 
the case, for, according to Barns, page 84, Barns' General His- 
tory, the Jews, during the Babylonian captivity, which lasted 
only seventy years, lost their native language. 

Retaining, as I have said, only such things as came to them 
and their fathers in the w 7 ay of object lessons, we may expect 
to find in the legends and traditions of such a people rude and 
uncouth evidences of those things which occurred with or ta 
their ancestors ages before. 

Hence, in the legends and traditions of the Six Nations of 
the Iroquois, we may expect to find many thing which are but 
the counterpart, if that be the proper term or word to apply, of 
many things which occurred or came to the old Jewish nation 
— at least I so contend; and, further, that the fact of the resem- 
blance to those things happening to the ancient Jews in their 
day is the strongest kind of evidence in proof of the proposition 
that the North American Indians are the descendants of the 
Ten Lost Tribes. 

In regard to the Six Nations, my theory is this: That after 



1IO THE CARROLL THEORY. 

the advent of the Ten Tribes in America a portion of them stilt 
maintained their tribal identity, and while from year to year and 
time to time the majority— a large majority — of the people 
drifted away and were scattered, eventually, nearly all over the 
continent of North America; still, however, a faithful few retain- 
ing in their legends and traditions those things which occurred 
to their fathers, kept together, and, although split up into. tribes, 
were not far separated in locality, and in due time established 
themselves in what is now Central New York, where the Con- 
icderation of the Five Nations was formed, which, after the year 
1714, became the Confederation of the Six Nations, as in that 
year the Tuscaroras were added to the Confederacy. 

Oi what is known as the "Iroquois family" of Indians there 
were twelve tribes (as there were originally twelve tribes of the 
Children of Israel). 

These were the Mohawks, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, 
Senacas, Tuscaroras, Neutrals, Eries, Costenegas, Wyandottes, 
Cherckees, and Nottawas. There was a similarity between them 
in the matter of customs, circumstances and language. 

These tribes had not, of course, all become affiliated with 
the Six Nations when the Confederation was in its glory, but 
the Wyandottes and Eries, as a matter of fact, had joined the 
Six Nations, or been absorbed by them, before the breaking out 
of the Revolutionary War. In time, no doubt, the entire twelve 
tribes would have joined the Confederation had it not been for 
1 he war alluded to. In that war some of the Six Nation tribes — 
or at least parts of tribes — took part with the Americans, but 
the majority seem to have sided with the British, and when their 
cause fell in America the Confederation, divided and partially 
scattered as it was, fell with it. 

THE INDIAN MOTHER'S LAMENT— THE PRAYER— 
THE CAYUGA CHIEF, LOGAN. 

It is a singular and significant fact that in their language 
the people of the Six Nations habitually expressed themselves 
after the style and mode of expression among the ancient Jews. 
Interpreted into English, their prayers, petitions and ceremonial 
expressions remind us of the Jewish writers who wrote of sacred 
things as we find them in the Old Testament. 

An instance in point is the "Indian Mother's Lament at 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 1 1 I 

the Grave of Her Son," a form of lament or appeal always used 
-whenever the son of a living Iroquois Indian mother was buried. 

"My son, listen once more to the words of thy mother. 
Thou wert nourished with her life. She has attempted to be 
faithful in raising thee up. When thou wert young she loved 
thee as her life. Thy presence has been a source of great joy 
to her. Upon thee she depended for support and comfort in 
her declining years. She has ever expected to gain the end of 
the path of life before thee. But thou hast passed her and gone 
before her. Our great and wise Creator has ordered it thus." 

Independent Order of Red Men, page 48. 

Note in the foregoing the words "the," "thou," "hast," 
""wert," etc. 

I might say here that the people of the Six Nations were 
the only Indians in North America whose religious belief did 
not stop with the idea of a "Happy Hunting Ground." Their 
belief appears to have been similar to that of white men. 

What might by some be deemed a prayer, which is offered 
every year at the New Year festival of the Six Nations, is also 
to the same point, and is even a better illustration of the similar- 
ity of style, expression and language of the people of the Six 
Nations as compared with the Jews than the one already given. 

I quote from the I. O. Red Men, page 51: 

"The following is given as the translation of the address 
(or prayer) of thanksgiving, and is an admirable specimen of 
Indian eloquence and imagery: 

' 'Hail! Hail! Hail! Listen now with an open ear to the 
words of t% people as they ascend to Thy dwelling in the smoke 
of our offering. Behold Thy people here assembled! Behold 
they have come up to celebrate anew the sacred rites Thou hast 
given them! Look down upon us beneficently. Give us wisdom 
faithfully to execute Thy commands.' " 

Here is an extract from a speech delivered by the noted 
Cayuga chief, "Logan," in reply to a message of peace: 

I will first quote the words of another, the words of Him 
who died on Mount Calvary eighteen hundred years ago: 

"For I was an hungered and ye gave me no meat; I was 
thirsty and ye gave me no drink. 

""I was a stranger and ye took me not in, naked and ye 
clothed me not." — Matthew 25:42-43. 

Logan's reply to the messenger was as follows: 

"I appeal to any white man if he ever came to Logan's hun- 
gry and he gave him no meat; whenever came he cold and 
naked and he clothed him not?" 



I i 2 THE CARROLL THEORY.. 

The Saviour was a Jew. The greatest Jew that ever lived. 
The greatest man — "if it be lawful to call Him a man" : — that 
ever lived, and here we find this Indian chief, in the wilds of 
America, who never heard of Jesus Christ, not only expressing 
the same sentiments, but even the very words that were thus 
spoken eighteen centuries ago. 

Other illustrations — many of them — might be given, but 
the fcregoing must suffice on the point of similarity in language, 
expression and sentiment between the Jews of old and the people 
of the Six Nations. 

THE LEGEND OF HENO. 

In the "Legend of Heno," one of the legends of the Six 
Nations, there is a resemblance, in its leading features, to the 
account of the flight, pursuit and escape of the Children of Israel 
through the Red Sea under the leadership of Moses, as found" 
in Exodus. 

Heno, according to the legend, was the deity of thunder,, 
and rescued an Indian maiden, who, to avoid marrying a man 
she did not love, undertook to end her own life by drifting over 
Niagara Falls in her canoe. Heno caught her as she was going- 
over the falls and carried her to his wigwam behind the falls,. 
and eventually she was married to a noble young Indian, Heno 
performing the ceremony. 

For several years the people of the village where the maiden 
had resided had been troubled with an awful pestilence, which 
swept away many of the people every year. 

After the Indian maiden (now a bride) had lived a year in 
the wigwam of Heno, he told her the cause of the pestilence. A 
great serpent had his abode under the village. Every year this 
serpent would poison the waters of the Cayuga River, which, 
on being drank by the people, brought on the pestilence. Every 
year, also, the serpent came up and made his annual repast on 
the bodies of those who had died and been buried near the vil- 
lage. 

The Indian bride warned the people of her village of the 
great serpent that had his abode under them; they fled from the 
village to another locality; were pursued by the serpent, who 
made his way out into the waters of the lake, thence up the 
Buffalo River in pursuit, but Heno smote him with a mighty 



THE CARROLL THEORY. H3 

thunderbolt. He turned to get back into the lake, but on 
account of the repeated blows dealt him by the "Thunderer," as 
Heno was called, he died. 

I quote from page 45, I. O. Red Men: 

"The huge body of the serpent floated down the stream and 
lodged upon the verge of the cataract, stretching nearly across 
the river. A part of the body arched backwards near the north- 
ern shore in a semi-circle. The raging waters thus dammed up 
by the tody broke through the rocks behind; and thus the 
whole verge of the fall upon which the body rested was cast 
with it into the abyss beneath. In this manner, says the legend, 
was formed the Horseshoe Fall." 

The rest of the legend is to the effect that Heno's home 
was broken up by the calamity to the falls; that thereafter his 
home was in the west; that the son of the Indian maiden became 
an exnert with the lightnings, was translated to the clouds and 
made assistant Thunderer, etc. 

Nearly all of the Six Nation legends have their counterpart 
in something which happened in Jewish history, and in this 
instance, as already stated, we see the semblance, at least, of the 
story of the Red Sea. 

Moses was rescued from the waters by Pharoah's daugh- 
ter, was called of God at Horeb to lead the Children of Israel 
out of Egyptian bondage, the people were oppressed, they fled, 
were pursued, but in crossing the Red Sea their pursuers were 
annihilated. 

In the legend of Heno we find, instead of the maiden rescu- 
ing the child Moses from the waters, she was herself rescued 
from a watery grave; she was warned by Heno of the peril of 
her peoole, they suffered not from bondage but a pestilence; in 
a certain sense the maiden was the leader of her people out of 
their danger, they were pursued by the serpent in part through 
the waters, as were the Israelites; the serpent was smitten by 
Heno, the deity, just as the Egyptians were smitten by God 
Himself, and the serpent, like the Egyptians, met death, and in 
each instance the people were rescued from their dangers. 

I do not claim that there is anything more than the sem- 
blance of the story of that flight from Egypt and passage of the 
Red Sea in this legend of Heno; but in connection with the great 
number of other facts from history — that there is, or was, such 
a legend is, of course, a fact in itself — which I am able to cite, 
has its weight and its significance. 



ii 4 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



LEGEND OF HIAWATHA. 



The following is that far-famed legend of Hiawatha, the 
basis of Longfellow's "Hiawatha," with which, however, I have 
nothing to do. 

That which is given here is from Clark's History of Onon- 
daga County, New York, and is the original legend as related 
by the Indians themselves: 

"Centuries ago, the story runs, the deity who presides over 
fisheries and streams, came from his dwelling-place in the clouds, 
to visit the inhabitants of earth. He was delighted with the land 
where the tribes that afterward formed the confederacy, dwelt; 
and having bestowed many blessings on that land, he laid aside 
his Divine character, and resolved to remain on earth. He se- 
lected a beautiful residence on the shore of Te-ungk-too (Cross 
Lake), and all the people called him Hi-a-wat-ha, "the wise 
man." After a while, the people were alarmed by the approach 
of a ferocious band of warriors from the country north of the 
great lakes. Destruction seemed inevitable. The iuhabitants 
thronged around the lodge of Hi-a-wat-ha, from all quarters, 
craving his wise advice in this hour of great peril. After solemn 
meditation, he told them to call a grand council of all the tribes. 
The chiefs and warriors from far and near, assembled on the 
banks of Lake Oh-nen-ta-ha (Onondaga). The council-fire 
blazed three days before the venerable Hi-a-wat-ha arrived. He 
had been devoutly praying, in silence, to the Great Spirit, for 
guidance. Then, with his darling daughter, a virgin of twelve 
years,, he entered his white canoe, and, to the great joy of the 
people, he appeared on the Oh-nen-ta-ha. A great shout greeted 
him, and as he landed and walked up the bank, a sound like a 
rushing wind was heard; a dark spot, every moment increasing 
in size, was descending from the clear skv. Fear seized the 
people; but Hi-a-wat-ha stood unmoved. The approaching ob- 
ject was an immense bird. It came swiftly to earth, crushed the 
darling daughter of Hi-a-wat-ha — was itself destroyed, but the 
wise man was unharmed. Grief for his bereavement prostrated 
him in the dust for three days. The council anxiously awaited 
his presence. At length he came; the subject of the peril from 
invaders was discussed, and after deliberating a day, the venera- 
ble Hi-a-wat-ha arose and said: 

' 'Friends and Brothers — You are members of many tribes 
and nations. You have come here, many of you, a great distance 
from your homes. We have met for one common purpose — to 
promote one common interest, and that is, to provide for our 
mutual safety, and how it shall best be accomplished. To oppose 
these foes from the north by tribes, singly and alone, would 



THE CARROLL THEORY. U5 

prove our certain destruction. We can make no progress in 
that way. We must unite ourselves into one common band of 
brothers; thus united, we may drive the invaders back; this 
must be done, and we shall be safe. 

" 'You, the Mohawks, sitting under the shadow of the 
'Great Tree,' whose roots sink deep into the earth, and whose 
branches spread over a vast country, shall be the first nation, 
because you are warlike and mighty. 

" 'And you, Oneidas, a people who recline your bodies 
against the 'Everlasting Stone,' that cannot be moved, shall be 
the second nation, because you give wise counsel. 

" 'And you, Onondagas, who have your habitation at the 
'Great Mountain,' and are overshadowed by its crags, shall be 
the third nation, because you are greatly gifted in speech, and 
mighty in war. 

'' 'And you, Cayugas, a people whose habitation is the 
'Dark Forest,' and whose home is everywhere, shall be the 
iourth nation, because of your superior cunning in hunting. 

" 'And you, Senecas, a people who live in the 'Open Coun- 
try,' and rossess much wisdom, shall be the fifth nation, because 
you understand better the art of raising corn and beans, and 
.making cabins. 

'' 'You, five great and powerful nations, must unite and have 
but one common interest, and no foe shall be able to disturb or 
subdue you. If we unite, the Great Spirit will smile upon us. 
Brothers, these are the words of Hi-a-wat-ha — let them sink 
deep into your hearts. I have said it.' 

"They reflected for a day, and then the people of the 'Great 
Tree,' the 'Everlasting Stone,' the 'Great Mountain,' the 'Dark 
Eorest,' and the 'Open Country,' formed a league like that of 
the Amphyctioni of Greece. The enemy was repulsed, and the 
Five Nations became the terror of the continent. Then Hi-a- 
wat-ha said, 

" 'The Great Master of Breath calls me to 0-0. I have 
patiertlv waited his summons. I am ready — farewell!' 

"Myriads of singing voices burst upon the ears of the mul- 
titude, and the whole air seemed filled with music. Hi-a-wat-ha, 
seated in his white canoe, rose majestically above the throng, 
and as all eyes gazed in rapture upon the ascending wise man, 
he disappeared forever in the blue vault of heaven. The music 
melted into low whispers, like the soft summer breeze; and there 
'were pleasant dreams in even' cabin of the Five Nations on 
that blessed night." 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEGEND OF HIAWATHA. 

It must occur to even the casual reader of the legend of 
Hiawatha that in its main features it is the counterpart of the 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



story of Moses at Mt. Sinai, when, after being instructed by our 
Lord Himself, the covenant was formed and the law given to the 
Jews. 

I do not know whether there ever was such a being as 
Hiawatha, neither do I care; the legend is the conception of 
the Indian mind, at least, and is significant. 

POINTS OF COINCIDENCE— MOSES— HIAWATHA. 



Moses — Law-giver and leader o' 
Israel through the Red Sea — Exo- 
dus. 

Moses — Conferred with the Lord 
before he went up into the moun- 
tain.— Exodus 19:20-21. 

Moses — Called the Children of Is- 
rael together. — Exodus 19:17. 

Moses — Directed that young mec 
prepare a sacrifice and sprinkled 
blood on the people. — Exodus 24: 
5-6. 

Moses — Was hidden in the cloud 
before he again appeared to talk 
with the people. — 'Exodus 24:16. 

Moses — When Moses reappeared 
he talked to the people of the cove- 
nant, etc.-^Exodus 35:1. 

Moses — Continued with the Chil- 
dren of Israel until in sight of the 
"Promised Land." — Deuteronomy 
34:45. 

Moses — Disappeared, going uo- 
ward to the summit of Pisgah. — 
Deuteronomy 34:1. 

Moses — The lamentations of the 
people were unusual, and they 
mourned for thirty days. 



Hiawatha — "Wise man" and dei- 
y of the streams and fisheries. — 
Legend. 

Hiawatha — Prayed to and con- 
erred with the "Great Spirit" for 
three days. — Legend. 

Hiawatha — Commanded the peo- 
ple to assemble. — Legend. 

Hiawatha — The young daughter 
of Hiawatha destroyed by the 
"great bird." — Legend. 

Hiawatha — Was prostrated and 
lid not appear for three days. — 
Legend. 

Hiawatha — When Hiawatha 
igain appeared, he advised the 
people to form a covenant, etc. — 
Legend. 

Hiawatha — Continued to abide* 
with the Six Nations until their 
dangers were at an end. — Legend. 

Hiawatha — Ascended in his whi e 
canoe until lost from view in the 
slouds. — Legend. 

Hiawatha — As the "wise man" 
ascended in the white canoe, myr- 
ads of singing voices were heard. 
— Legend. 



As the shadow of a great tree in the main resembles the- 
tree itself, so, also, the legend of Hiawatha resembles the story- 
of Moses at Mt. Sinai. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



Il 7 



COUNTERPART OF THE OLD JEWISH COMMON- 
WEALTH—THE CONFEDERATION OF THE 
SIX NATIONS. 

It will be remembered by the reader that one of the points 
in my theory is that the Ten Lest Tribes of Israel not only 
eventually came to America, but in the wilderness of North 
America instituted a form of government the nearly exact 
counterpart of the old Jewish commonwealth, which, as a matter 
of fact, was the first republic the world ever saw, so far as history 
discloses. If I succeed in showing from history that in every 
important respect the constitutional, governmental, political, 
social and religious systems of the Confederation of the Six 
Nations of the Iroquois was similar in all essential features to 
that, in some respects, semi-theocratic temporal government, 
the Jewish Republic of old; then every fair-minded man must 
admit that, in connection with what has preceded it in the way 
of seemingly conclusive evidence, I have demonstrated — not 
absolutely, because it is not susceptible of absolute proof — but 
it may be said almost unmistakably, the fact that the North 
American Indians are none other than the descendants of the 
''Ten Lost Tribes of Israel." 

I will now proceed to do this; but first as to the ancient 
Jewish commonwealth. Was it the first republic? 

Barns' General History, pages 85-86: 

"The Jewish Commonwealth was the first republic of which 
we have any definite knowledge. The foundation was the house; 
thence the ascent was through the family or collection of houses, 
and the tribe or collection of families to the nation. 

"There were twelve heads of tribes or princes, and a senate 
of seventy elders, but the source of power was the popular 
assembly, known as the "Congregation of Israel," in which 
every Hebrew proper had a share. This gathering, like the 
centurion of Rome, formed the Jewish army." 

Chambers'* Encyclopedia, volume 4, page 698. 

"The people were divided into twelve tribes, which formed 
small republics." 

In volume 5 of the same authority, page 204, speaking of 
the sons of Mattathias, says: 

"Simon, the second brother, was elected by the Jewish com- 
monwealth to assume the reins of the national government." 

The foregoing, I think, is sufficient on the question of the 



i8 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



Jewish commonwealth and as to its having been the first republic 
in history. 

Points of Coincidence Between the Constitutional, Gov- 
ernmental, Political, Social and Religious Systems 
of the Jewish Republic and the Confedera- 
tion of the Six Nations* 



SIX NATIONS. 
Constitution — Legend of Hiawa- 



JEWISH REPUBLIC. I 

Constitution — The Mosaic law. — 
4 Chambers, page 698. 

Nationality — Israel, and, subse- 
quently, Judah. — 4 Chambers, page 
€98; Barns' General History, page 
85. 

The twelve tribes composed the 
nation. — Exodus to Deuteronomy. 

The supreme national authority 
was vested in Israel. — 4 Chambers, 
page 698. 

Each tribe might regulate its 
own affairs. — 4 Chambers, 698; 
Barns, page 85. 

Each tribe had a leader of its i Each tribe, or nation, had its own 
own. — 4 Chambers, page 698. :head chief. — Independent Order 

Red Men, page 36. 

The general national assembly, The Civil Council was the Con- 
called the senate, decided on peace gress having supreme authority in 
and war, etc. — 4 Chambers, page 69i. national matters. — Independent Or- 
der Red Men, pages 40-41. 



tin. 

The "Five Nations," and, subse- 
quently, the "Six Nations." — Loss- 
ing's United States, page 25. 

The tribes, or nations, composed, 
the Confederacy. — Independent Or- 
der Red Men, page 35. 

The supreme authority was vest- 
ed in the -Confederacy. — Lossing's 
United States, page 93. 

Each tribe, or nation, regulated, 
its own affairs. — Independent Order 
Red Men, page 37. 



The Civil Council, which exer- 
cised executive authority, also 



The general assembly of Israel 
might elect a ruler. — 5 Chambers, 
page 204. 'might elect chiefs, etc., when neces- 

sary. — Independent Order Red Men 
page 36. 



The source of power was the Con- 
gregation of Israel, composed of all 



"The idea permeating the whole- 
structure was that the government 



the people. — Barns' General His- rested upon the public will." — Inde- 
pendent Order Red Men, page 37. 

Each tribe, or nation, of the Con- 
federacy was independent in its re- 



tory, page 85. 

Each tribe was independent of 
every other tribe. — 5 Chambers, 
page 204; see Scriptures, also. lation toward other tribes. — Inde- 

pendent Order Red Men, page 36. 



The members of each tribe might 
become members of any other t-ibe, 



With the Six Nations, a certain- 
portion of the people of each tribe- 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



II 9 



JEWISH REPUBLIC. | SIX NATIONS, 

but could not, at the same time, be- were, under their law, compelled to 
long to more than one.— Barns' become members of each of the 
General History, page 85. other tribes or nations— Independ- 

ent Order Red Men, pages 37-38. 
The Jews were an agricultural! The people of the Six Nations 
people.— Barns' General History, were an agricultural people. "We 
page 85. return thanks to our mother, the- 

earth, which sustains us," was a 
portion of the prayer they always 
offered at their harvest festival. — 
Independent Order Red Men, page 
5?. 
The "tribe" was a sub-division \ The Indian "tribe" differed from 
of the people of the Jewish nation, the Athenian, the Roman and the 
— Scriptures. Jewish, although nearer in the re- 

sults attained to the Jewish." — In- 
dependent Order Red Men, page 37. 
The Jewish Senate was compose! The Civil Council was composed 
of seventy elders. — Barns, page 85. of fifty Sachems. The interpreta- 
tion of the word "Sachem" is "Con- 
servator of the people." — Independ- 
ent Order Red Men, page 36. 
The Jews believed in one God, The ;Six Nations telieved the 
self-existent and personal. They "Great Spirit" to be their C:ea,tor, 
also believed in an Evil Spirit. Ruler and Preserver. * * They 

also recognized the personal exist- 
ence of an "Evil Spirit." — Inde- 
pendent Order Red Men, page 48. 
Among the ancient Jews dancing; Dancing was a part of the cere- 
was sometimes a part of the relig- mony in their religious festivals, 
ious exercises. — Exodus 15:20;|etc. — 'Independent Order Red Men, 
32:19; 2 Samuel 6:14; Psalms 144:3; :page 54. 
150:4, etc. 

As all the world knows, the Jews] The Iroquois (Six Nations) had a 
had regular forms and ceremonie; systematic worship, etc. — Indepeni- 
of worship.— Scriptures. lent Order Red Men, page 49. 

The Jews had six national festi-j The people of the Six Nations 
vals each year, and one of them jhad six festivals each yea~, and one 
the Passover, lasted seven days. — [of them, New Year, lasted seven 
Scriptures. |days. — Independent Order Red Men, 

[pages 49-50. 



The Jews sacrificed with 
offerings, etc. — Scriptures. 



burnt 



The Six Nations had at least one 
sacrificial offering (on the second 
day of New Year festival), that of 
the burning of the white dog. — In- 
dependent Order Red Men, pages 
50-51. 



120 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



JEWISH REPUBLIC. 
The Jews had priests, high 
priests and prophets. — Scriptures. 

Honor thy father and thy mother 
was a precept with the Jews. — 
Scriptures. 



Among the Jews, wom^n some- 
times held high positions, and even 
became rulers. — Scriptures. 



Expansion was the natural policy 
of tbe Jews, as it would seem from 
history. — Barns' General H story, 
page 83. 



SIX NATIONS. 
The Six Nations had their "keep- 
rs of the Faith." — Independent 
Order Red Men, page 50. 

Reverence for the aged was one 
>f the precepts of the faith of the 
Ircquois, and their religious teach- 
3rs always inculcated the duty of 
protecting their aged parents as an 
invocation from the Great Spirit. — 
ndependent Order Red Men, page 
47. 

As has been said, women were 
sometimes made chiefs. * * In 
one of the tribes of the Iroquois 
the Council which elected the chief 
was composed altogether of women. 
— Sloiy of the Indian, rage 247. 

The Six Nations extended their 
power and jurisdiction wherever 
they could. — ■ Losslng's United 
States, pages 24-25. 



Shorn of its leaves and foliage by the winds of winter, the 
tree I have once alluded to rises grim and barren and desolate, 
but when the sunlight comes, its shadow is still thrown to the 
earth. Now, however, we can see in the shadow itself the outline 
oi every branch, every limb, and even the very twigs are dis- 
cerned. 

So, in the shadow of the old Jewish Republic — and I call 
the Six Nations of the Iroquois that shadow — we distinctly trace 
the limbs, the branches, the twigs — everything which, in the 
centuries gone by was a part and parcel of the constitutional, 
governmental, political, social and religious system of the Jew- 
ish commonwealth, "the first republic of which we have any 
definite knowledge." 

THE SIX NATIONS THE TYPE OF THE FEDERAL 

UNION. 

Yes, the shadow of the old Jewish Republic was found in 
the wilderness of North America. Whence came the shadow, 
and why? I have demonstrated almost beyond the point of 
intelligent dispute how that shadow came to be there; it came 
through the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. I2 j 

And why? 

That it might, as I contend in the statement of my theory, 
"become the type of the great republic destined to rise on this 
western shore. 

Did it become the type? Let us see. Civilized nations are 
loth to acknowledge that they owe anything to the uncivilized, 
■and we, as Americans, do not feel disposed to admit that nearly 
everything we have today in our constitutional and govern- 
mental system of any value was borrowed from the Six Nations. 

From what source did we derive our Federal Constitution? 
is a question which has often been asked. Some very excellent 
people are pleased to hold that it was taken from the old-time 
;ancient constitution or code of laws prepared by Lycurgus, the 
Spartan, one of the most wretched and brutally infamous codes 
that ever emanated from the brain of man. Still others claim 
that we get everything we have worth possessing from England 
— in fact, anywhere, providing we do not give our own country 
credit for anything — for we have some people in America who 
have no pride in their own country, no ambition concerning it, 
except to speak in disparaging terms of its greatness, its history 
.and its future. 

A careful study of the question discloses the fact that our 
Constitution was not made from any of the older ones, nor was 
it borrowed from England. 

I quote from Hart's Epochs of American History, pages 
124-125. 

"While the matter of the formation of the Constitution was 
being discussed, and before the convention met, Madison made 
.an elaborate abstract of ancient, medieval and existing Federal 
Constitutions and governments, of which he sent a copy to 
Washington. It is impossible to trace a single clause in our 
Constitution to these papers." 

On page 125 Hart says, after disposing of the incorrect 
theory that the Constitution was borrowed from England: 

'"The real source of the Constitution is the experience of 
Americans." 

Well, the people of the Six Nations were Americans. Loss- 
ing, on page 183, History of the United States, speaks of the 
colonial convention held at Albany, New York, in 1754 (on the 
suggestion of the British government), and says that this was 



I2 3 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

the first time a union of the colonies had taken any practical 
shape. 

The convention was held for the purpose of effecting a: 
treaty with the Six Nations, whose leading chiefs and sachems - - 
were present. After the treaty had been negotiated, the con- 
vention turned its attention to the question, and Franklin drew 
up and submitted ''a plan of confederation similar to our Federal 
Constitution," which was adopted. 

Franklin was afterwards a member of the convention which 
adopted our present Constitution, and the singular fact presents 
itself that thirty-three years before, while virtually sitting in 
the same convention with the leading men of the Six Nations,, 
he drew up a document "similar" to the one eventually adopted. 
It should be stated that the document drafted at Albany was 
disapproved by the English government, and no colonial union 
was formed at that time. 

Reclus, in his Earth and Its Inhabitants, pages 38-39, vol- 
ume 3, says: 

"The Americans have been inclined to recognize in this league 
(Six Nations) the model which, in their own Constitution, gives 
equal rights to each citizen, and to each state or collection of 
individuals." 

Points of Coincidence Between the Constitutional, Governmental and 

Political Systems of the Six Xations and the 

United States. 

In making this comparison I make no references to sources of 
authority, as they have already been given elsewhere, so far as 
they can be: 



SIX NATIONS. 

Legend of Hiawatha. 

The Six 'Nations a sovereign 
power. 

National authority supreme. 

Six Nations composed of tribes 
called "nations." 

Supreme executive, legislative 
and judicial power vested in one 
department. 

The Civil or Great Council. 

Each nation, or tribe, independ- 
ent of every other nation or tribe. 



UNITED STATES. 

Constitution of the United States. 

The United States a sovereign 
power. 

National authority supreme. 

The United States composed of 
many states. 

Supreme executive, legislative 
and judicial power vested in sepa- 
rate departments. 

Congress of the United States. 

Each state independent of every 
other state. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 



123. 



SIX NATIONS. 

Each nation, or tribe, could reg- 
ulate its own affairs. 

The will of the people supreme. 

Each individual on an equality. 

The citizens of each tribe were 
virtually citizens of every other 
tribe. 

Rulers and officers elected by the 
people. 

Representatives in the Civil 
Council elected by the people. 

The policy of the Six Nations 
was that of expansion. 

"Women might be chiefs and 
counsellors. 



UNITED STATES. 

Each state regulates its own 
affairs. 

The will of the people supreme. 

Each individual on an equality. 

Citizens of each state may be- 
come a citizen of any other state,, 
but not of more than one state at 
the same time. 

Rulers and officers elected by the- 
people. United States judges ap- 
pointed. 

Representatives in Congress 
elected by the people. Senators by 
legislatures of states. 

The policy of the United States 
has been that of expansion. 

Woman suffrage, in part, now, 
and destined to extend to every 
state in the Union. 



I submit this question to every candid man and woman: 
Was not the Six Nations, in all essential features, the type of 
the Federal Union? 

There can be but one answer. It was. 

Deny that we have made it so, and you all the more effect- 
ually indorse my theory, that a higher power than the power of 
man has ordained that such should be the fact. 

THE KEY. 

I have now considered the following subjects, and without,, 
ad I hope, assuming too much, feel assured that I have been 
able to establish each and all of them beyond intelligent ques- 
tion or doubt. 

These are that His work — the work of God — may be done 
on any day of the week; that the Sabbath was a more eventful 
war day in the history of the old Jewish nation than all other 
days of the week combined; that the Sabbath day was changed 
by Divine assent and authority from the seventh to the first 
day of the week; that Sunday has been a four-fold more eventful 
war day in the history of the United States than all other days- 
of the week combined; that, except our own and the Jewish' 
nation, the Sabbath has been the least eventful as a war day ia* 



I2 ^ THE CARROLL THEORY. 

the history of any other nation; that, like the Jewish nation of 
old, we, as a nation, have been under the protection of Divinity 
itself; that the "Ten Lost Tribes of Israel" had a portion of the 
Jewish mission to fulfill, and that, as has been ordained, they 
made their way to America, and eventually reproduced the old 
Jewish commonwealth, "the first republic in history," in the 
Confederation of the Six Nations; that this confederation be- 
came the type of the Federal Union; that the old Jewish nation, 
and ako the United States, each had a mission intrusted to it; that 
the Jewish mission has been fulfilled, and now it only remains for 
me to furnish the readers of this little book what I deem to be 
the "key" to the mystery; as to why Sunday has been so eventful 
?\s a war day in our history, and then to add a few words con- 
cerning what has happened in history in the way of fulfillment 
of our mission — the mission of the United States. 

Elsewhere in this little book I have mentioned the fall of 
Jericho, an account of which is to be found in Joshua, chapter 
6, and it is in this chapter that I find that which I consider the 
key, and in the fourth verse of that chapter. I here quote from 
page 35, volume 2, of the Holy Bible, by Canon Cook of Lon- 
don, England: 

"The chapter (Joshua 6) read in the light of the New Testa- 
ment has indications of a further import and bearing than such 
as concerned Joshua and the Jews. As Joshua, the leader and 
captain of the Jewish theocracy, is doubtless the type of Christ, 
so must Jericho be taken (with all Christian expositors) as a 
type of the powers opposed to Christ and His cause." 

I have made this subject somewhat of a study, and while 
I cannot here make specific references to all, or any, of the 
sources of authority, except the one given above, I have reached 
this conclusion: 

That Jericho must be taken as the type of the powers which 
stand in opposition to the Divine will everywhere and at all 
times. 

I quote again from Canon Cook, page 33, of the work 
alluded to: 

"On the seventh day: Most probably, as the Jewish writers 
assert, a Sabbath day." 

Here it will be seen that Canon Cook not only gives it as 
liis opinion (he is here commenting on Joshua 6, fourth verse) 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 125 

that the seventh day mentioned was a Sabbath day, but further 
states it as a fact that the Jewish writers so assert. 

Much has been said as to why the Lord should have com- 
manded Joshua to sacrifice the inhabitants of Jericho, and very 
many good people have found, as they think, in this a reason for 
their disbelief in the whole story. 

It is not stated in Joshua, or elsewhere, that God com- 
manded that the people of Jericho should be sacrificed. In 
Joshua 6:16-17, we find that "Joshua said * * * the city 
shall be accursed, even it and all that are therein, to the Lord, 
jonly Rahab, the harlot, shall live," etc. 

A careful reading of the account shows that God did not,, 
as already observed, command that this sacrific should be 
made. Joshua was not himself divine. He w r as a human being,, 
and may not at all times have understood just what God desired 
to have done. Even Moses, as we find in Numbers 20:9-10-11- 
12, did not understand just what God required of him when 
water was drawn from the rock. 

As a matter of fact, the sacrifice of the people of Jericho 
could not have occurred (in the opinion of Canon Cook) on the 
Sabbath day proper. 

Quoting again from the same authority, pages 34 and 35 : 

"Thus, with the necessary intervals of rest, the evening 
would be at hand, when Joshua gave the signal to shout, as de- 
scribed, and the work of slaughter probably commenced just 
as the hours of the Sabbath were passed." 

Then, as now, the Jews held that the Sabbath commenced 
at 6 o'clock in the evening. 

At that early day in the history of the world, warfare every- 
where meant the sacrifice of the vanquished and, if spared at all, 
it was only that they might become slaves. 

There are also many estimable people who affect to regard 
with horror the idea that Rahab, the harlot, alone should have 
been spared at Jericho, but, to say nothing about Rahab's hav- 
ing sheltered the spies of Israel, and this is why she was spared, 
it should be remembered that the word "harlot," in those days, 
applied as well to respectable inn-keepers, when women, as it 
did to a certain other and disreputable class. 

It is, I hope, in the spirit of due reverence and a con- 
sciousness of my own unworthiness and weakness, that I assume. 



126 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

to place an interpretation on the words and acts of that Great 
Father of all, but what I deem to be the truth requires of me 
to say that in the fourth verse of Joshua, 6th chapter, is found 
the key I have spoken of to the solution of the problem of "The 
Sabbath as an American War Day." 
The verse is as follows: 

"And seven priests shall bear before the Ark seven 
trumpets of rams' horns, and the seventh day ye shall 
compass the city seven times, and the priests shall blow 
with the trumpets."— Joshua 6:4. 

According to the preceding* verses of this chapter, these 
words were spoken to Joshua by God Himself, and I claim to be 
indicative of the Divine will — a Divine forecast, if it is lawful or 
proper for me to use the term, of the fact that the Sabbath day 
had been, was then, and was to be the most eventful war day 
in the history of the Jewish nation; and that it was destined to 
be, also, the most eventful war day in the history of the great 
nation that was to rise on the hidden hemisphere — the United 
States of America. 

As when we contemplate the stupendous and awe-inspiring 
■soectacle of the perhaps untold millions of heavenly bodies — ■ 
worlds and planets — in their places in the immensity of space, 
each in its orbit, pursuing its course, and ever coming and going 
to and . from the same point, we are compelled to say that this 
has all been arranged and decreed by a Divine, an Infinite, 
mind, or it is merely chance; so, when we remember that the 
Sabbath day has been a more eventful war day in the history 
of the Jewish nation, the first chosen people, than all other days 
of the week combined; and that it has also been a four-fold more 
eventful war day in the history of the United States, the second 
chosen people, than all other days combined, and that both of 
these nations have been Providentially protected, each in its day, 
to a remarkable degree, then we, as in the other case, must either 
admit that these things have been, and are now, in accordance 
with the Divine will or the work of chance. 

If in accordance with the Divine will, there is nowhere else 
in all Scripture another such indication of that will as in the 
fourth verse of the sixth chapter of Joshua. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 127 

THE "GREATER" IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT. 

It is not often that he who advances a new theory can point 
to such an array of great historic events in corroboration of it 
as 1 am able at this time to do. 

One of the propositions in support of my theory is, as has 
already been seen, that the mission of the United States is to 
cherish, protect and defend, and by peaceful influence and exam- 
ple uphold and maintain the principle' ^democratic-republican 
liberty always and everywhere. 

Gigantic strides have been taken in fulfillment of this mis- 
sion since our independence was achieved. 

When the L T nited States of America first took its place 
among the nations of the earth, there was not a republic in exist- 
ence anywhere — at least none worthy of the contemplation of 
other nations or large enough to attract the attention of the 
world. Switzerland was a republic in name only, and as a nation 
it depended, as it depends today, for its independent existence 
upon the jealousies and rivalries of other nations. 

While there was not a republic in existence in 1781, when 
Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, there are now twenty-four 
republics to be found among the nations of the world, whereas, 
there are but twenty-six countries that are ruled by kings, 
queens and emperors. There are quite a number of small states 
and principalities ruled by certain semi-royal personages, but 
these are not of much consequence. 

The republics of the earth today are the United States of 
America, Bolivia, Chili, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Re- 
public, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Hayti, Liberia, Honduras, 
Nicaragua, Orange Free State, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, Uru- 
guay, Switzerland, Transvaal, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil — '■ 
twenty-four. 

I need not cite authority for the correctness of the fore- 
going list, for history, geography, etc., will show the fact, and 
even the World Almanac for 1899 contains the list. 

A "Greater" Irrepressible Conflict than that which Lincoln 
and Seward foretold is in progress,, and has been for a century. 

This virtually bloodless conflict is between republicanism 
and monarchy, liberty and royalty, and it will not end until the 
whole world is either all one thing or the other — all republican 
or all monarchical. 



128 THE CARROLL. THEORY. 

It requires no gifts of phophcsy to foretell what the end 
will be. 

England today is virtually a republic. A mighty change in 
British sentiment has taken place in the past one hundred years. 
Not while the present executive head of the British kingdom 
and empire retains the throne, but when the next after her shall 
come, the time will have arrived when the British House of 
Commons, in a single day, might dethrone the ruler and topple 
the House of Lords over in the Thames River, and British public- 
sentiment would sustain the "Commoners." 

Divinely appointed to arise to a still grander existence, a 
still nobler destiny, the United States of America, in the future,, 
as in the past, will continue to be the head and front, the main- 
stay and bulwark, and the colossal, unfaltering champion of 
popular liberty until the whole earth shall resound and re-echo 
with the plaudits of Freedom. 

CONCLUSION. 

There should be a few words said in conclusion. It is quite 
in the fashion with some who write books, large or small, to- 
felicitate themselves at the conclusion, and speak in no uncom- 
plimentary terms of the way they have performed their work. 
This is far from being true of all book writers, or even a majority 
of them. 

I cannot speak in such terms. As I come to the conclusion 3 
I realize more forcibly than ever before how weak and unworthy 
I have been in the presentation of this subject. Mine has been 
a subject worthy of a gifted pen, such as I do not wield — a 
subject worthy of more space, more care, more time and atten- 
tion than I have been able to give to it. 

That my theory is built upon an impregnable basis found' 
in history, and that it cannot be overthrown in the light of past 
events, I cannot doubt. That it will be criticised, I also cannot 
doubt, but, in the end, it will stand as against all the shafts 
hurled against it as the only solution of the great problem as to 
why the Sabbath day has been se» eventful in our Avar history. 

I will not point to faults and blemishes in the matter of 
composition, phraseology, etc., in my work. They will be dis- 
covered and pointed out by others, who, in some instances, will" 
make the mistake of supposing that criticisms along this line 
will militate against the theory I advance.. 



THE CARROLL THEORY. 129 

There is one thing- which should, perhaps, have been re- 
ferred to elsewhere, which requires a word or two. I have, 
as the basis of my theory, the proposition that God — or an over- 
ruling Providence — directs the affairs of nations. There are 
many who deny this, but I cannot undertake to enter into a 
discussion of the subject, of course, but feel it my duty to put 
en record here the view I take of that matter. 

There are many good men who deny the existence of a God 
altogether, and others hold that God is merely a principle which 
manifests itself through nature, and both classes reject the prop- 
osition that there is a personal God, self-existent and eternal. 

As remarked elsewhere: Who can contemplate and behold 
the marvelous mechanism, I might say, of the universe, so far 
as we know it, without being convinced that a great, infinite 
mind has arranged it all — to say nothing of the more than won- 
derful evidences of that fact we see in a thousand other things? 

There must be an infinite mind back of all this, and an 
infinite mind means, when properly considered, a personal God. 

There are man}- men who do not hesitate to insult their 
God many times every day who would not, perhaps, willingly 
or knowingly offer an indignity and an insult to human intelli- 
gence, and yet to hold and affirm that there is no God, or that 
God is naught but a mere principle — in fact anything less than 
a Being endowed with a marvelous and infinite mind — cannot 
be less than such an indignity and such an offering. 

Alen must either admit that God is possessed of an infinite 
mind, and, therefore, necessarily a personal God, or they must 
hold that everything is governed by chance. Argue the matter 
as best you may, and at last the question comes to a choice 
between these two propositions. 

Whether God exercises supervision over the Individual 
affairs of every person is a proposition I do not discuss. That 
He has, and yet does, direct some individuals in some things, 
I cannot doubt, and that He rules in the affairs of nations is 
manifestly and forever true. 

That it is but the reasonable duty of man to serve and obey 
the God who has created him is a truth which, as it seems to me, 
cannot be intelligently disputed. 

— !) 



130 THE CARROLL THEORY. 

Whijle it was my purpose to have written more at length 
in this conclusion, I shall not do so. 

One word more. I have adduced an overwhelming mass 
of testimony in support of the proposition that this nation has, 
from time to time, been the recipient of Divine favors — has been 
Providentially cared for — yet to sustain that proposition I did 
not, as might have been done, call attention to the marvelous 
prosperity which has ever attended the onward march of the 
nation — a career of progress and material growth and develop- 
ment which never has had, and probably never will have, its 
counterpart in the history of any other nation. 

WESLEY PHILEMON CARROLL. 



The Sabbath as an 
American War Day 



WESLEY PHILEMON CARROLL. 



c : 



